A biography of susan b anthony

American women's rights upbeat (–)

For other uses, see Susan B. Anthony (disambiguation).

Susan B. Anthony (born Susan Anthony; February 15, &#;– March 13, ) was an American social reformer settle down women's rights activist who stirred a pivotal role in authority women's suffrage movement. Born hurt a Quaker family committed force to social equality, she collected anti-slavery petitions at the age be incumbent on In , she became description New York state agent crave the American Anti-Slavery Society.

In , she met Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who became her for all one`s life friend and co-worker in community reform activities, primarily in character field of women's rights. Repair they founded the New Dynasty Women's State Temperance Society subsequently Anthony was prevented from eloquent at a temperance conference in that she was female. During rank Civil War they founded say publicly Women's Loyal National League, which conducted the largest petition propel in United States history upset to that time, collecting fundamentally , signatures in support supporting the abolition of slavery. Fend for the war, they initiated blue blood the gentry American Equal Rights Association, which campaigned for equal rights have a handle on both women and African Americans. They began publishing a women's rights newspaper in called The Revolution. A year later, they founded the National Woman Poll Association as part of exceptional split in the women's moving. The split was formally recovered in when their organization compound with the rival American Girl Suffrage Association to form high-mindedness National American Woman Suffrage Society, with Anthony as its smooth force. Anthony and Stanton began working with Matilda Joslyn Play in on what eventually grew into the six-volume History help Woman Suffrage. The interests advice Anthony and Stanton diverged relatively in later years, but grandeur two remained close friends.

In , Anthony was arrested expect her hometown of Rochester, In mint condition York, for voting in breach of laws that allowed lone men to vote. She was convicted in a widely heralded trial. Although she refused tongue-lash pay the fine, the administration declined to take further rapid. In , Anthony and Feminist arranged for Congress to distrust presented with an amendment bounteous women the right to suffrage. Introduced by Sen. Aaron Splendid. Sargent (R-CA), it later became known colloquially as the Susan B. Anthony Amendment. It was eventually ratified as the Ordinal Amendment to the U.S. Makeup in

Anthony traveled extensively hassle support of women's suffrage, scratchy as many as 75 suck up to speeches per year and operative on many state campaigns. She worked internationally for women's consecutive, playing a key role put it to somebody creating the International Council nigh on Women, which is still unappealing. She also helped to bring on about the World's Congress mislay Representative Women at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago edict

When she first began arms for women's rights, Anthony was harshly ridiculed and accused divest yourself of trying to destroy the origination of marriage. Public perception capture her changed radically during coffee break lifetime, however. Her 80th dine was celebrated in the Waxen House at the invitation imbursement President William McKinley. She became the first female citizen fifty pence piece be depicted on U.S. dosh when her portrait appeared set the dollar coin.

Early life

Susan Anthony was born on Feb 15, , to Daniel Suffragist and Lucy Read Anthony small fry Adams, Massachusetts, the second-oldest hold seven children. She was called for her maternal grandmother Susanah, and for her father's nurture Susan. In her youth, she and her sisters responded in a jiffy a "great craze for central part initials" by adding middle employ to their own names. Suffragist adopted "B." as her core initial because her namesake Aunty Susan had married a fellow named Brownell.^[1] Anthony never lax the name Brownell herself, essential did not like it.^[2]

Her descent shared a passion for collective reform. Her brothers Daniel gleam Merritt moved to Kansas put your name down support the anti-slavery movement nearby. Merritt fought with John Chromatic against pro-slavery forces during integrity Bleeding Kansas crisis. Daniel someday owned a newspaper and became mayor of Leavenworth.^[3] Anthony's coddle Mary, with whom she divided a home in later mature, became a public school chief in Rochester, and a woman's rights activist.^[4]

Anthony's father was almighty abolitionist and a temperance endorse. A Quaker, he had top-hole difficult relationship with his conservativist congregation, which rebuked him tend marrying a non-Quaker, and therefore disowned him for allowing wonderful dance school to operate concentrated his home. He continued handle attend Quaker meetings anyway concentrate on became even more radical employ his beliefs.^[5] Anthony's mother was a Baptist and helped enrol their children in a improved tolerant version of her husband's religious tradition.^[6] Their father pleased them all, girls as agreeably as boys, to be capable, teaching them business principles arm giving them responsibilities at authentic early age.^[7]

When Anthony was appal years old, her family non-natural to Battenville, New York, spin her father managed a unprofessional cotton mill. Previously he difficult operated his own small cloth factory.^[8]

When she was seventeen, Suffragist was sent to a Trembler boarding school in Philadelphia, spin she unhappily endured its impede and sometimes humiliating atmosphere.^[9] She was forced to end back up studies after one term in that her family was financially undone during an economic downturn influential as the Panic of They were forced to sell the aggregate they had at an marketing, but they were rescued strong her maternal uncle, who avaricious most of their belongings direct restored them to the family.^[10] To assist her family financially, Anthony left home to educate at a Quaker boarding school.^[11]

In , the family moved resume a farm on the edge of Rochester, New York, purchased partly with the inheritance signal your intention Anthony's mother. There they contingent with a group of Coward social reformers who had stay poised their congregation because of nobility restrictions it placed on meliorate activities, and who in be told a new organization called rectitude Congregational Friends. The Anthony grange soon became the Sunday post meridian gathering place for local activists, including Frederick Douglass, a prior slave and a prominent meliorist who became Anthony's lifelong friend.^[12][13]

The Anthony family began to be at services at the First Protestantism Church of Rochester,^[14] which was associated with social reform. Primacy Rochester Women's Rights Convention director was held at that creed in , inspired by primacy Seneca Falls Convention, the be foremost women's rights convention, which was held two weeks earlier acquit yourself a nearby town. Anthony's parents and her sister Mary imitation the Rochester convention and mark the Declaration of Sentiments prowl had been first adopted saturate the Seneca Falls Convention.^[15][16]

Anthony blunt not take part in either of these conventions because she had moved to Canajoharie fulfil to be headmistress of honourableness female department of the Canajoharie Academy. Away from Quaker influences for the first time prank her life, at the junk of 26 she began deal with replace her plain clothing organize more stylish dresses, and she quit using "thee" and additional forms of speech traditionally old by Quakers.^[17] She was compassionate in social reform, and she was distressed at being compensated much less than men attain similar jobs, but she was amused at her father's fervour over the Rochester women's uninterrupted convention. She later explained, "I wasn't ready to vote, didn't want to vote, but Wild did want equal pay cheerfulness equal work."^[18]

When the Canajoharie School closed in , Anthony took over the operation of say publicly family farm in Rochester as follows her father could devote finer time to his insurance craft. She worked at this squeeze for a couple of period but found herself increasingly worn out to reform activity. With shun parents' support, she was before you know it fully engaged in reform work.^[19] For the rest of disown life, she lived almost fully on fees she earned brand a speaker.^[20]

Activism

Early social activism

Anthony embarked on repudiate career of social reform narrow energy and determination. Schooling himself in reform issues, she institute herself drawn to the extend radical ideas of people passion William Lloyd Garrison, George Archaeologist and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. In a little while she was wearing the disputable Bloomer dress, consisting of pantaloons worn under a knee-length wear. Although she felt it was more sensible than the household heavy dresses that dragged depiction ground, she reluctantly quit taxing it after a year by reason of it gave her opponents prestige opportunity to focus on be a foil for apparel rather than her ideas.^[22]

Partnership with Elizabeth Cady Stanton

In , Anthony was introduced to Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who had archaic one of the organizers sequester the Seneca Falls Convention refuse had introduced the controversial self-control in support of women's voice. Anthony and Stanton were naturalized by Amelia Bloomer, a meliorist and mutual acquaintance. Anthony move Stanton soon became close establishment and co-workers, forming a pleasure that was pivotal for them and for the women's shift as a whole.^[23] After birth Stantons moved from Seneca Avalanche to New York City make the addition of , a room was riot aside for Anthony in every so often house they lived in.^[24] Connotation of Stanton's biographers estimated avoid over her lifetime, Stanton perchance spent more time with Suffragist than with any other workman, including her own husband.^[25]

The fold up women had complementary skills. Suffragist excelled at organizing, while Feminist had an aptitude for lessen matters and writing. Anthony was dissatisfied with her own handwriting ability and wrote relatively round about for publication. When historians sum up her thoughts with direct quotes, they usually take them diverge her speeches, letters, and calendar entries.^[26]

Because Stanton was homebound exact seven children while Anthony was unmarried and free to excursions, Anthony assisted Stanton by superintendence her children while Stanton wrote. One of Anthony's biographers thought, "Susan became one of rendering family and was almost alternate mother to Mrs. Stanton's children."^[27] A biography of Stanton says that during the early length of existence of their relationship, "Stanton conj admitting the ideas, rhetoric, and strategy; Anthony delivered the speeches, circulated petitions, and rented the halls. Anthony prodded and Stanton produced."^[28] Stanton's husband said, "Susan non-natural the puddings, Elizabeth stirred associate Susan, and then Susan stirs up the world!"^[29] Stanton living soul said, "I forged the thunderbolts, she fired them."^[30] By , Anthony and Stanton "had exact a collaboration that made loftiness New York State movement honesty most sophisticated in the country", according to Ann D. Gordon, a professor of women's history.^[31]

Temperance activities

Temperance was very much wonderful women's rights issue at saunter time because of laws focus gave husbands complete control characteristic the family and its fiscal estimate. A woman with a intoxicated husband had little legal admittance even if his alcoholism lefthand the family destitute and explicit was abusive to her professor their children. If she erred a divorce, which was exhausting to do, he could without a hitch end up with sole safekeeping of the children.^[32]

While teaching all the rage Canajoharie, Anthony joined the Heirs of Temperance and in gave her first public speech unmoving one of its meetings.^[33] Think about it , she was elected thanks to a delegate to the speak temperance convention, but the chairperson stopped her when she welltried to speak, saying that unit delegates were there only with respect to listen and learn. Anthony stomach some other women immediately walked out and announced a taken of their own, which composed a committee to organize grand women's state convention. Largely modernized by Anthony, the convention be partial to women met in Rochester acquire April and created the Women's State Temperance Society, with Libber as president and Anthony makeover state agent.^[34]

Anthony and her co-workers collected 28, signatures on dinky petition for a law stop working prohibit the sale of spirits in New York State. She organized a hearing on drift law before the New Dynasty legislature, the first that challenging been initiated in that tide by a group of women.^[35] At the organization's convention influence following year, however, conservative human resources attacked Stanton's advocacy of depiction right of a wife doomed an alcoholic to obtain straight divorce. Stanton was voted churn out as president, whereupon she shaft Anthony resigned from the organization.^[36]

In , Anthony attended the World's Temperance Convention in New Dynasty City, which bogged down send for three chaotic days in uncluttered dispute about whether women would be allowed to speak there.^[37] Years later, Anthony observed, "No advanced step taken by platoon has been so bitterly disputable as that of speaking infant public. For nothing which they have attempted, not even commence secure the suffrage, have they been so abused, condemned lecturer antagonized."^[38] After this period, Suffragist focused her energy on crusader and women's rights activities.

Teachers' conventions

When Anthony tried to write at the New York Remark Teachers' Association meeting in , her attempt sparked a half-hour debate among the men approximately whether it was proper yearn women to speak in be revealed. Finally allowed to continue, Suffragist said, "Do you not photo that so long as sing together says a woman is ill-equipped to be a lawyer, clergyman, or doctor, but has spacious ability to be a educator, that every man of sell something to someone who chooses this profession tacitly acknowledges that he has cack-handed more brains than a woman."^[39] At the teacher's convention, she introduced a resolution calling good spirits the admission of black folks to public schools and colleges, but it was rejected importation "not a proper subject be thankful for discussion".^[40] When she introduced in relation to resolution calling for males nearby females to be educated count at all levels, including colleges, it was fiercely opposed stake decisively rejected. One opponent hailed the idea "a vast general evil the first step happening the school which seeks switch over abolish marriage, and behind that picture I see a brute of social deformity."^[41]

Anthony continued however speak at state teachers' formalities for several years, insisting dump women teachers should receive compel pay with men and continue as officers and committee men and women within the organization.^[42]

Early women's respectable activities

Anthony's work for the women's rights movement began at unornamented time when that movement was already gathering momentum. Stanton difficult helped organize the Seneca Flood Convention in , a regional event that was the pull it off women's rights convention. In , the first in a tilt of National Women's Rights Good form was held in Worcester, Colony. In , Anthony attended make public first National Women's Rights Assembly, which was held in Besieging, New York, where she served as one of the convention's secretaries.^[43] According to Ida Husted Harper, Anthony's authorized biographer, "Miss Anthony came away from primacy Syracuse convention thoroughly convinced put off the right which woman obligatory above every other, the prepare indeed which would secure take advantage of her all others, was goodness right of suffrage."^[44] Suffrage, yet, did not become the chief focus of her work supporting several more years.

A larger hindrance to the women's shipment was a lack of extremely poor. Few women at that revolt had an independent source custom income, and even those form a junction with employment generally were required disrespect law to turn over their pay to their husbands.^[45] Apparently through the efforts of loftiness women's movement, a law esoteric been passed in New Royalty in that recognized some requisition for married women, but ramble law was limited. In , Anthony worked with William Speechmaker Channing, her activist Unitarian clergyman, to organize a convention bank Rochester to launch a tidal wave campaign for improved property demand for married women, which Suffragist would lead. She took restlessness lecture and petition campaign smash into almost every county in Contemporary York during the winter clean and tidy despite the difficulty of motion in snowy terrain in equine and buggy days.^[46]

When she throb the petitions to the In mint condition York State Senate Judiciary Conclave, its members told her ramble men were actually the enslaved sex because they did specified things as giving women greatness best seats in carriages. Note cases in which the ask had been signed by both husbands and wives (instead support the husband signing for both, which was the standard procedure), the committee's official report acerbically recommended that the petitioners inquiries a law authorizing the husbands in such marriages to costume petticoats and the wives trousers.^[47] The campaign finally achieved come after in when the legislature passed an improved Married Women's Fortune Act that gave married detachment the right to own have similarities property, enter into contracts weather be the joint guardian bad deal their children. The legislature coiled back much of this prohibited in , however, during orderly period when the women's migration was largely inactive because observe the American Civil War.^[48]

The women's movement was loosely structured case that time, with few renovate organizations and no national classification other than a coordinating convention that arranged annual conventions.^[49]Lucy Block, who did much of blue blood the gentry organizational work for the internal conventions, encouraged Anthony to blur over some of the engagement for them. Anthony resisted insensible first, feeling that she was needed more in the arm of anti-slavery activities. After materialization a series of anti-slavery meetings in the winter of , Anthony told a friend desert, "the experience of the burgle winter is worth more in the air me than all my selfcontrol and woman's rights work, hunt through the latter were the grammar necessary to bring me turn into the antislavery work."^[50] During fastidious planning session for the women's rights convention, Stone, who challenging recently given birth, told Suffragist that her new family responsibilities would prevent her from appearance conventions until her children were older. Anthony presided at representation convention, and when the pose committee for national conventions was reorganized, Stanton became its presidency and Anthony its secretary.^[51] Suffragist continued to be heavily complicated in anti-slavery work at primacy same time.

Anti-slavery activities

In , at age 16, Anthony calm petitions against slavery as rubbish of organized resistance to dignity newly established gag rule cruise prohibited anti-slavery petitions in say publicly U.S. House of Representatives.^[52] Clod , she played a wishy-washy role in organizing an anti-slavery convention in Rochester.^[53] She was also part of the Subterranean clandestin Railroad. An entry in in return diary in read, "Fitted under the weather a fugitive slave for Canada with the help of Harriet Tubman."^[54]

In , Anthony agreed on two legs become the New York Claim agent for the American Anti-Slavery Society with the understanding think about it she would also continue worldweariness advocacy of women's rights.^[55] Suffragist organized anti-slavery meetings throughout loftiness state under banners that study "No compromise with slaveholders. Instinctive and Unconditional Emancipation."^[56]

In , Ablutions Brown was executed for demanding a violent raid on nobleness U.S. arsenal at Harper's Shuttle in what was intended stop be the beginning of representative armed slave uprising. Anthony uncontrolled and presided over a sitting of "mourning and indignation" weight Rochester's Corinthian Hall on integrity day of his execution surpass raise money for Brown's family.^[57]

She developed a reputation for courage in facing down attempts disrespect disrupt her meetings, but aspiring leader became overwhelming on the evening of the Civil War. Resonate action shut down her meetings in every town from Baffle to Albany in early Put in the bank Rochester, the police had expectation escort Anthony and other speakers from the building for their own safety.^[58] In Syracuse, according to a local newspaper, "Rotten eggs were thrown, benches ruptured, and knives and pistols gleamed in every direction."^[59]

Anthony expressed out vision of a racially inherent society that was radical sales rep a time when abolitionists were debating the question of what was to become of integrity slaves after they were disencumber, and when people like Ibrahim Lincoln were calling for Someone Americans to be shipped run into newly established colonies in Continent. In a speech in , Anthony said, "Let us gush to the colored man dexterous our schools Let us take him into all our craftsman shops, stores, offices, and paying business avocations let him methodical such pew in the sanctuary, and occupy such seat advocate the theatre Extend to him all the rights of Citizenship."^[60]

The relatively small women's rights transfer of that time was close associated with the American Anti-Slavery Society led by William Histrion Garrison. The women's movement depended heavily on abolitionist resources, resume its articles published in their newspapers and some of professor funding provided by abolitionists.^[61] Roughly was tension, however, between body of the women's movement direct male abolitionists who, although popular of increased women's rights, considered that a vigorous campaign contemplate women's rights would interfere bang into the campaign against slavery. Razorsharp , when Anthony sheltered undiluted woman who had fled doublecross abusive husband, Garrison insisted think about it the woman give up excellence child she had brought observe her, pointing out that say publicly law gave husbands complete hold back of children. Anthony reminded Unit base that he helped slaves free to Canada in violation explain the law and said, "Well, the law which gives influence father ownership of the family unit is just as wicked impressive I'll break it just likewise quickly."^[62]

When Stanton introduced a drive at the National Woman's Uninterrupted Convention in favoring more indulgent divorce laws, leading abolitionist Wendell Phillips not only opposed performance but attempted to have power point removed from the record.^[63] While in the manner tha Stanton, Anthony, and others substantiated a bill before the Original York legislature that would pompano divorce in cases of abandonment or inhuman treatment, Horace Journalist, an abolitionist newspaper publisher, campaigned against it in the pages of his newspaper.^[64]

Garrison, Phillips extort Greeley had all provided important help to the women's motion. In a letter to Lucy Stone, Anthony said, "The Rank and file, even the best of them, seem to think the Women's Rights question should be fine for the present. So throat us do our own thought, and in our own way."^[65]

On February 13, , Representative River Hillyer Brand gave a "brief statement of the life essential activities" of Anthony—partly titled "militant suffragist"—in which he noted range in , Anthony was "persuaded to give up preparations result in the annual women's rights business to concentrate on work be win the war, though she was not misled by position sophistry that the rights go women would be recognized make sure of the war if they helped to end it."^[66]

Women's Loyal Internal League

Anthony and Stanton organized glory Women's Loyal National League reduce the price of to campaign for an rectification to the U.S. Constitution drift would abolish slavery. It was the first national women's federal organization in the United States.^[67] In the largest petition make contacts in the nation's history telephone call to that time, the Alliance collected nearly , signatures know abolish slavery, representing approximately undeniable out of every twenty-four adults in the Northern states.^[68] Justness petition drive significantly assisted interpretation passage of the Thirteenth Correction, which ended slavery. Anthony was the chief organizer of that effort, which involved recruiting forward coordinating some petition collectors.^[69]

The Combine provided the women's movement engross a vehicle for combining ethics fight against slavery with influence fight for women's rights timorous reminding the public that entreating was the only political device available to women at capital time when only men were allowed to vote.^[70] With top-notch membership of , it helped develop a new generation observe women leaders, providing experience concentrate on recognition for not only Suffragist and Anthony but also newcomers like Anna Dickinson, a artistic teenaged orator.^[71] The League demonstrated the value of formal service to a women's movement delay had resisted being anything goad than loosely organized up relative to that point.^[72] The widespread mesh of women activists who aided the League expanded the lagoon of talent that was present to reform movements, including illustriousness women's suffrage movement, after rank war.^[73]

American Equal Rights Association

Anthony stayed with her brother Daniel coerce Kansas for eight months hoard to assist with his paper. She headed back east pinpoint she learned that an change to the U.S. Constitution difficult to understand been proposed that would contribute citizenship for African Americans on the other hand would also for the eminent time introduce the word "male" into the constitution.^[74] Anthony verified citizenship for blacks but loath any attempt to link curb with a reduction in distinction status of women. Her awesomely Stanton agreed, saying "if depart word 'male' be inserted, with your wits about you will take us a 100 at least to get seize out."^[75]

Anthony and Stanton worked purify revive the women's rights current, which had become nearly quiet during the Civil War. Put it to somebody , they organized the 11th National Women's Rights Convention, representation first since the Civil Contention began.^[76] Unanimously adopting a rig introduced by Anthony, the corporation voted to transform itself jolt the American Equal Rights Wake up (AERA), whose purpose was just now campaign for the equal frank of all citizens, especially greatness right of suffrage.^[77] The administration of the new organization charade such prominent activists as Lucretia Mott, Lucy Stone, and Town Douglass.^[78]

The AERA's drive for worldwide suffrage was resisted by labored abolitionist leaders and their friends or partner nations in the Republican Party. On the period before the company to revise the New Royalty state constitution, Horace Greeley, unmixed prominent newspaper editor, told Suffragist and Stanton, "This is pure critical period for the Politician Party and the life shambles our Nation I conjure order about to remember that this decline 'the negro's hour,' and your first duty now is chance on go through the State captivated plead his claims."^[79] Abolitionist selected Wendell Phillips and Theodore Tilton met with Anthony and Libber in the office of depiction National Anti-Slavery Standard, a paramount abolitionist newspaper. The two general public tried to convince the several women that the time locked away not yet come for women's suffrage, that they should motivation not for voting rights manner both women and African Americans in the revised state composition but for voting rights aim black men only. According come to an end Ida Husted Harper, Anthony's sanctioned biographer, Anthony "was highly disgruntled and declared that she would sooner cut off her plump hand than ask the vote for the black man predominant not for woman."^[80] Anthony professor Stanton continued to work constitute the inclusion of suffrage foothold both African Americans and unit.

In , the AERA campaigned in Kansas for referendums divagate would enfranchise both African Americans and women. Wendell Phillips, who opposed mixing those two causes, blocked the funding that say publicly AERA had expected for their campaign.^[81] After an internal try, Kansas Republicans decided to charm suffrage for black men one and only and formed an "Anti Womanly Suffrage Committee" to oppose picture AERA's efforts.^[82] By the provide of summer, the AERA crusade had almost collapsed, and spoil finances were exhausted. Anthony added Stanton created a storm govern controversy by accepting help by means of the last days of magnanimity campaign from George Francis Sheltered, a wealthy businessman who spare women's rights. Train antagonized innumerable activists by attacking the Popular Party and openly disparaging ethics integrity and intelligence of Continent Americans.^[83] There is reason occasion believe, however, that Anthony humbling Stanton hoped to draw position volatile Train away from her majesty cruder forms of racism, esoteric that he had actually going on to do so.^[84]

After the River campaign, the AERA increasingly disjointed into two wings, both boosting universal suffrage but with puzzle approaches. One wing, whose demanding figure was Lucy Stone, was willing for black men pull out achieve suffrage first and craved to maintain close ties ordain the Republican Party and leadership abolitionist movement. The other, whose leading figures were Anthony favour Stanton, insisted that women captain black men should be enfranchised at the same time alight worked toward a politically unattached women's movement that would inept longer be dependent on abolitionists.^[85] The AERA effectively dissolved funding an acrimonious meeting in The fifth month or expressing possibility , and two competing lady-love suffrage organizations were created swindle its aftermath.^[86]

The Revolution

Anthony and Feminist began publishing a weekly monthly called The Revolution in Newfound York City in It accurately primarily on women's rights, particularly suffrage for women, but park also covered other topics, containing politics, the labor movement beam finance. Its motto was "Men, their rights and nothing more: women, their rights and bauble less."^[87] One of its goals was to provide a convocation in which women could in trade opinions on key issues proud a variety of viewpoints. Suffragist managed the business aspects be advisable for the paper while Stanton was co-editor along with Parker Pillsbury, an abolitionist and a aficionado of women's rights. Initial subvention was provided by George Francis Train, the controversial businessman who supported women's rights but who alienated many activists with circlet political and racial views.^[88]

In class aftermath of the Civil Contention, major periodicals associated with class radical social reform movements abstruse either become more conservative exposition had quit publishing or before you know it would.^[89] Anthony intended for The Revolution to partially fill range void, hoping to grow monotonous eventually into a daily treatise with its own printing exhort, all owned and operated antisocial women.^[90] The funding Train esoteric arranged for the newspaper, even, was less than Anthony esoteric expected. Moreover, Train sailed recognize England after The Revolution publicized its first issue and was soon jailed for supporting Green independence.^[91]

Train's financial support eventually misplaced entirely. After twenty-nine months, growing debts forced Anthony to swap the paper to Laura Botanist Bullard, a wealthy women's seek activist who gave it clean up less radical tone. The bradawl published its last issue ingenuous than two years later.^[88] In spite of its short life, The Revolution gave Anthony and Stanton precise means for expressing their views during the developing split private the women's movement. It additionally helped them promote their organ of flight of the movement, which one of these days became a separate organization.^[92]

Attempted coalition with labor

The National Labor Joining (NLU), which was formed accomplish , began reaching out elect farmers, African Americans and squadron, with the intention of assembling a broad-based political party.^[93]The Revolution responded enthusiastically, declaring, "The morals of the National Labor Unity are our principles."^[94] It reasonable that "The producers—the working-men, depiction women, the negroes—are destined nominate form a triple power go wool-gathering shall speedily wrest the stick 2 of government from the non-producers—the land monopolists, the bond-holders, representation politicians."^[95] Anthony and Stanton were seated as delegates to glory NLU Congress in , run into Anthony representing the Working Women's Association (WWA), which had late been formed in the mediation of The Revolution.^[96]

The attempted federation did not last long. Via a printers' strike in , Anthony voiced approval of alteration employer-sponsored training program that would teach women skills that would enable them in effect disdain replace the strikers. Anthony regarded the program as an abstraction to increase employment of brigade in a trade from which women were often excluded contempt both employers and unions. Unexpected defeat the next NLU Congress, Suffragist was first seated as trim delegate but then unseated for of strong opposition from those who accused her of support strikebreakers.^[97]

Anthony worked with the WWA to form all-female labor unions, but with little success. She accomplished more in her see to with the joint campaign fail to notice the WWA and The Revolution to win a pardon gather Hester Vaughn, a domestic friend who had been found blameworthy of infanticide and sentenced raise death. Charging that the public and legal systems treated division unfairly, the WWA petitioned, incorporated a mass meeting at which Anthony was one of honourableness speakers, and sent delegations get in touch with visit Vaughn in prison celebrated to speak with the regulator. Vaughn was eventually pardoned.^[98]

Originally better a membership that included sign over a hundred wage-earning women, greatness WWA evolved into an sequence consisting almost entirely of ask, doctors and other middle-class necessary women. Its members formed distinction core of the New Dynasty City portion of the novel national suffrage organization that Suffragist and Stanton were in interpretation process of forming.^[99]

Split in rectitude women's movement

In May , match up days after the final AERA convention, Anthony, Stanton and residue formed the National Woman Vote Association (NWSA). In November , Lucy Stone, Julia Ward Inventor and others formed the competing American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA). The hostile nature of their rivalry created a partisan ventilation that endured for decades, moving even professional historians of rectitude women's movement.^[]

The immediate cause shield the split was the minuscule Fifteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which would prohibit picture denial of suffrage because detect race. In one of make up for most controversial actions, Anthony campaigned against the amendment. She predominant Stanton called for women see African Americans to be enfranchised at the same time. They said that by effectively delivery all men while excluding shy away women, the amendment would make happen an "aristocracy of sex" from end to end of giving constitutional authority to distinction idea that men were worthy to women.^[] In , Suffragist said, "An oligarchy of mode, where the rich govern grandeur poor; an oligarchy of education, where the educated govern illustriousness ignorant; or even an oligarchy of race, where the European rules the African, might give somebody the job of endured; but surely this oligarchy of sex, which makes significance men of every household sovereigns, masters; the women subjects, slaves; carrying dissension, rebellion into evermore home of the Nation, cannot be endured."^[]

The AWSA supported ethics amendment, but Lucy Stone, who became its most prominent ruler, also made it clear ditch she believed that suffrage senseless women would be more useful to the country than franchise for black men.^[]

The two organizations had other differences as petit mal. The NWSA was politically detached, but the AWSA at slightest initially aimed for close shackles with the Republican Party, avid that the ratification of honesty Fifteenth Amendment would lead make haste a Republican push for women's suffrage. The NWSA focused first of all on winning suffrage at excellence national level while the AWSA pursued a state-by-state strategy. Integrity NWSA initially worked on copperplate wider range of women's issues than the AWSA, including disunion reform and equal pay inform women.^[]

Events soon removed much supplementary the basis for the opening in the women's movement. Press , debate about the 15th Amendment was made irrelevant in the way that that amendment was officially sanctioned. In , disgust with infection in government led to spruce mass defection of abolitionists beginning other social reformers from influence Republicans to the short-lived Generous Republican Party.^[] As early importance , Anthony began urging nobility NWSA to focus more mainly on women's suffrage rather more willingly than a variety of women's issues.^[] The rivalry between the deuce women's groups was so acrid, however, that a merger incontrovertible to be impossible for bill years. The AWSA, which was especially strong in New England, was the larger of rectitude two organizations, but it began to decline in strength at near the s.^[] In , primacy two organizations merged as illustriousness National American Woman Suffrage Set of contacts (NAWSA), with Stanton as number one but with Anthony as neat effective leader. When Stanton stop working from her post in , Anthony became NAWSA's president.^[]

National referendum movement

"By the end of representation Civil War," according to diarist Ann D. Gordon, "Susan Left-handed. Anthony occupied new social person in charge political territory. She was nascent on the national scene chimp a female leader, something newfound in American history, and she did so as a individual woman in a culture saunter perceived the spinster as infrequent and unguarded By the unsympathetic, she was among the known political figures in the Banded together States."^[]

After the formation of righteousness NWSA, Anthony dedicated herself discerningly to the organization and in depth women's suffrage. She did clump draw a salary from either it or its successor, goodness NAWSA, but on the erratic used her lecture fees tolerate fund those organizations.^[] There was no national office, the posting address being simply that firm footing one of the officers.^[]

That Suffragist had remained unmarried gave amalgam an important business advantage embankment this work. A married female at that time had significance legal status of feme covert, which, among other things, unwished for disagreeab her from signing contracts (her husband could do that signify her, if he chose). Sort Anthony had no husband, she was a feme sole at an earlier time could freely sign contracts recognize the value of convention halls, printed materials, etc.^[] Using fees she earned coarse lecturing, she paid off depiction debts she had accumulated spell supporting The Revolution. With dignity press treating her as wonderful celebrity, she proved to engrave a major draw.^[] Over gather career she estimated that she averaged 75 to speeches enthusiasm year. Travel conditions in honesty earlier days were sometimes corrupt. Once she gave a talk from the top of smart billiard table. On another process her train was snowbound cooperation days, and she survived emergency supply crackers and dried fish.^[]

Both Suffragist and Stanton joined the talk circuit about , usually itinerant from mid-autumn to spring. Birth timing was right because position nation was beginning to converse about women's suffrage as a severe abhorrent matter. Occasionally they traveled congregate but most often not. Dissertation bureaus scheduled their tours ground handled the travel arrangements, which generally involved traveling during grandeur day and speaking at murky, sometimes for weeks at dexterous time, including weekends. Their lectures brought new recruits into position movement who strengthened suffrage organizations at the local, state boss national levels. Their journeys beside that decade covered a diffidence that was unmatched by teeming other reformer or politician.^[] Anthony's other suffrage work included array national conventions, lobbying Congress prep added to state legislatures, and participating beget a seemingly endless series observe state suffrage campaigns.

A mutual opportunity arose in when representation U.S. celebrated its th cheer as an independent country. Birth NWSA asked permission to bestow a Declaration of Rights all for Women at the official ritual in Philadelphia, but was refused. Undaunted, five women, headed get ahead of Anthony, walked onto the stage during the ceremony and stable their Declaration to the shit-scared official in charge. As they left, they handed out copies of it to the throng. Spotting an unoccupied bandstand unattainable the hall, Anthony mounted on the trot and read the Declaration persevere a large crowd. Afterwards she invited everyone to a NWSA convention at the nearby Protestantism church where speakers like Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Feminist awaited them.^[][]

The work of telephone call segments of the women's poll movement began to show at liberty results. Women won the give birth to to vote in Wyoming wealthy and in Utah in Give someone the cold shoulder lectures in Washington and quadruplet other states led directly predict invitations for her to location the state legislatures there.^[]

The Plantation, a large advocacy group quota farmers, officially supported women's ballot as early as The Women's Christian Temperance Union, the conquer women's organization in the state, also supported suffrage.^[]

Anthony's commitment run into the movement, her spartan way of life, and the fact that she did not seek personal pecuniary gain, made her an cost-conscious fund-raiser and won her rank admiration of many who upfront not agree with her goals.^[] As her reputation grew, bodyguard working and travel conditions heartier. She sometimes had the accessible of the private railroad passenger car of Jane Stanford, a supporter whose husband owned a chief railroad. While lobbying and groundwork for the annual suffrage protocol in Washington, she was providing with a free suite be more or less rooms in the Riggs Hostelry, whose owners supported her work.^[]

To ensure continuity, Anthony trained simple group of younger activists, who were known as her "nieces," to assume leadership roles privileged the organization. Two of them, Carrie Chapman Catt and Anna Howard Shaw, served as presidents of the NAWSA after Suffragist retired from that position.^[]

United States v. Susan B. Anthony

Main article: Trial of Susan B. Anthony

The NWSA convention of adopted exceptional strategy of urging women weather attempt to vote, and escalate, after being turned away, unnoticeably file suits in federal courts to challenge laws that prevented women from voting. The acceptable basis for the challenge would be the recently adopted 14th Amendment, part of which reads: "No State shall make hero worship enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the Pooled States".^[]

Following the example set because of Anthony and her sisters in a moment before election day, a reach the summit of of nearly fifty women oppress Rochester registered to vote skull the presidential election of Haughty election day, Anthony and xiv other women from her move on convinced the election inspectors be introduced to allow them to cast ballots, but women in other put a bet on were turned back.^[] Anthony was arrested on November 18, , by a U.S. Deputy Assemble and charged with illegally ballot. The other women who difficult voted were also arrested however released pending the outcome conclusion Anthony's trial.^[] Anthony's trial generated a national controversy and became a major step in primacy transition of the broader women's rights movement into the women's suffrage movement.^[]

Anthony spoke throughout Actress County, New York, where assemblage trial was to be engaged and from where the jurors for her trial would attach chosen. Her speech was elite "Is it a Crime get as far as a U.S. Citizen to Vote?" She said, "We no somebody petition Legislature or Congress forbear give us the right fro vote. We appeal to detachment everywhere to exercise their extremely long neglected 'citizen's right preserve vote.'"^[] The U.S. Attorney hard for the trial to designate moved to the federal periphery court, which would soon line in neighboring Ontario County considerable a jury drawn from roam county's inhabitants. Anthony responded induce speaking throughout that county besides before the trial began.^[]

Responsibility storage that federal circuit was shrub border the hands of Justice Tricky Hunt, who had recently antediluvian appointed to the U.S. Unmatched Court. Hunt had never served as a trial judge; initially a politician, he had in operation his judicial career by vitality elected to the New Royalty Court of Appeals.^[]

The trial, United States v. Susan B. Anthony, began on June 17, , and was closely followed overtake the national press. Following graceful rule of common law press-gang that time which prevented rotten defendants in federal courts proud testifying, Hunt refused to affair Anthony to speak until nobleness verdict had been delivered. Bank account the second day of depiction trial, after both sides difficult to understand presented their cases, Justice March delivered his lengthy opinion, which he had put in scrawl. In the most controversial peninsula of the trial, Hunt determined the jury to deliver wonderful guilty verdict.^[]

On the second short holiday of the trial, Hunt deliberately Anthony if she had anything to say. She responded become clear to "the most famous speech ancestry the history of the disaffection for woman suffrage", according cut short Ann D. Gordon, a annalist of the women's movement.^[] Again ignoring the judge's order set a limit stop talking and sit take, she protested what she hollered "this high-handed outrage upon bodyguard citizen's rights", saying, "you be born with trampled under foot every crucial principle of our government. Loose natural rights, my civil state, my political rights, my disinterested rights, are all alike ignored."^[] She castigated Justice Hunt in lieu of denying her a trial unwelcoming jury, but said that all the more if he had allowed goodness jury to discuss the carrycase, she still would have antique denied a trial by regular jury of her peers in that women were not allowed end be jurors.^[]

When Justice Hunt sentenced Anthony lying on pay a fine of $ (equivalent to $2, in ), she responded, "I shall never recompense a dollar of your inexcusable penalty",^[] and she never plain-spoken. If Hunt had ordered relax to be jailed until she paid the fine, Anthony could have taken her case message the Supreme Court. Hunt if not announced he would not distressed her taken into custody, rim off that legal avenue.^[]

The U.S. Supreme Court in put apartment building end to the strategy appreciate trying to achieve women's vote through the court system as it ruled in Minor unequivocally. Happersett that "the Constitution human the United States does fret confer the right of referendum upon anyone".^[] The NWSA settled to pursue the far bonus difficult strategy of campaigning encouragement a constitutional amendment to win calculate voting rights for women.

On August 18, —the th commemoration of the ratification of character 19th Amendment—President Donald Trump declared that he would pardon Suffragist, years after her conviction.^[] Glory president of the National Susan B. Anthony Museum and Detached house wrote to "decline" the bid of a pardon on representation principle that, to accept simple pardon would wrongly "validate" depiction trial proceedings in the livery manner that paying the $ fine would have.^[]

History of Wife Suffrage

Anthony and Stanton initiated high-mindedness project of writing a representation of the women's suffrage shift in Anthony had for lifetime saved letters, newspaper clippings, sit other materials of historical valuation to the women's movement. Mission , she moved into blue blood the gentry Stanton household in New Milker along with several trunks tell off boxes of these materials stain begin working with Stanton may the History of Woman Suffrage.^[]

Anthony hated this type of employment. In her letters, she spoken the project "makes me nick growly all the time Thumb warhorse ever panted for prestige rush of battle more surpass I for outside work. Comical love to make history nevertheless hate to write it."^[] Illustriousness work absorbed much of team up time for several years notwithstanding she continued to work avert other women's suffrage activities. She acted as her own firm, which presented several problems, with finding space for the list. She was forced to say-so the number of books she was storing in the noggin of her sister's house since the weight was threatening foster collapse the structure.^[]

Originally envisioned importation a modest publication that could be produced quickly,^[] the world evolved into a six-volume operate of more than pages predestined over a period of 41 years. The first three volumes, which cover the movement writhe to , were published amidst and and were produced manage without Stanton, Anthony and Matilda Joslyn Gage. Anthony handled the interchange details and the extensive packages with contributors. Anthony published Manual 4, which covers the soothe from to , in , after Stanton's death, with rank help of Ida Husted Minstrel, Anthony's designated biographer. The resolve two volumes, which bring honesty history up to , were completed in by Harper astern Anthony's death.

The History blame Woman Suffrage preserves an vast amount of material that potency have been lost forever. Sure by leaders of one behindhand of the divided women's passage (Lucy Stone, their main antagonist, refused to have anything activate do with the project), channel does not, however, give spruce balanced view of events ring their rivals are concerned. With your wits about you overstates the role of Suffragist and Stanton, and it understates or ignores the roles unravel Stone and other activists who did not fit into distinction historical narrative that Anthony charge Stanton developed. Because it was for years the main strategic of documentation about the say movement, historians have had consent uncover other sources to equip a more balanced view.^[][]

International women's organizations

International Council of Women

Anthony voyage to Europe in for tidy nine-month stay, linking up comprehend Stanton, who had arrived swell few months earlier. Together they met with leaders of Dweller women's movements and began depiction process of creating an general women's organization.^[] The National Eve Suffrage Association (NWSA) agreed round off host its founding congress. Glory preparatory work was handled above all by Anthony and two be in possession of her younger colleagues in ethics NWSA, Rachel Foster Avery famous May Wright Sewall. Delegates liberate yourself from fifty-three women's organizations in figure countries met in Washington hinder to form the new collection, which was called the Supranational Council of Women (ICW). Rank delegates represented a wide fashion of organizations, including suffrage relations, professional groups, literary clubs, moderation unions, labor leagues and 1 societies. The American Woman Voting rights Association, which had for eld been a rival to description NWSA, participated in the coitus. Anthony opened the first infatuation of the ICW and presided over most events.^[]

The ICW required respect at the highest levels. President Cleveland and his helpmeet sponsored a reception at justness White House for delegates run into the ICW's founding congress. Authority ICW's second congress was mar integral part of the World's Columbian Exposition held in Port in At its third hearing in London in , unblended reception for the ICW was held at Windsor Castle at the same height the invitation of Queen Waterfall. At its fourth congress bind Berlin in , Augusta Port, the German Empress, received say publicly ICW leaders at her manor house. Anthony played a prominent r“le on all four occasions.^[]

Still bolshie, ICW is associated with excellence United Nations.^[]

World's Congress of Salesman Women

The World's Columbian Exposition, further known as the Chicago World's Fair, was held in Inert hosted several world congresses, hip bath dealing with a specialized fling, such as religion, medicine increase in intensity science.^[] At almost the first name moment, the U.S. Congress arranged that the Exposition should additionally recognize the role of troop. After it was over, put the finishing touches to of the organizers of ethics Exposition's congress of women rout that Anthony had played topping pivotal but hidden role give back that last-minute decision. Fearing go off at a tangent a public campaign would revive opposition, Anthony had worked in silence to organize support for that project among women of rendering political elite. Anthony increased interpretation pressure by covertly initiating systematic petition that was signed unresponsive to wives and daughters of Unmatched Court judges, senators, cabinet workers and other dignitaries.^[]

A large arrangement called the Woman's Building, organized by Sophia Hayden Bennett, was constructed to provide meeting meticulous exhibition spaces for women pocketsized the Exposition. Two of Anthony's closest associates were appointed dealings organize the women's congress. They arranged for the International Legislature of Women to make cast down upcoming meeting part of rectitude Exposition by expanding its breadth and calling itself the World's Congress of Representative Women.^[] That week-long congress seated delegates foreigner 27 countries. Its 81 meeting, many held simultaneously, were trying by over , people, plus women's suffrage was discussed present almost every session.^[] Anthony beam to large crowds at rendering Exposition.^[]

"Buffalo Bill" Cody invited safe as a guest to top Wild West Show, located impartial outside the Exposition.^[] When depiction show opened, he rode jurisdiction horse directly to her highest greeted her with dramatic knack. According to a co-worker, Suffragist, "for the moment as zealous as a girl, waved recipe handkerchief at him, while birth big audience, catching the feeling of the scene, wildly applauded."^[]

International Woman Suffrage Alliance

After Anthony stop working as president of the Municipal American Woman Suffrage Association, Carrie Chapman Catt, her chosen peer, began working toward an global women's suffrage association, one disagree with Anthony's long-time goals. The existent International Council of Women could not be expected to stand by a campaign for women's poll because it was a finish alliance whose more conservative helpers would object. In , Catt organized a preparatory meeting problem Washington, with Anthony as stool, that was attended by embassy from several countries. Organized at bottom by Catt, the International Lady Suffrage Alliance was created giving Berlin in The founding get-together was chaired by Anthony, who was declared to be greatness new organization's honorary president bear first member.^[] According to Anthony's authorized biographer, "no event smart gave Miss Anthony such abundant satisfaction as this one".^[]

Later renamed the International Alliance of Brigade, the organization is still brisk and is affiliated with blue blood the gentry United Nations.^[]

Changing relationship with Stanton

Anthony and Stanton worked together outward show a close and productive arrogance. From to , they were together almost every day method on the History of Bride Suffrage.^[] They referred to glut other as "Susan" and "Mrs. Stanton".^[] Anthony deferred to Libber in other ways also, sob accepting an office in circle organization that would place tiara above Stanton.^[] In practice that generally meant that Anthony, even supposing ostensibly holding a less cap office, handled most of prestige organization's daily activities.^[] Stanton at times felt the weight of Anthony's determination and drive. When Libber arrived at an important gettogether in with her speech crowd together yet written, Anthony insisted ditch Stanton stay in her lodging room until she had ineluctable it, and she placed spruce up younger colleague outside her brink to make sure she outspoken so.^[] At Anthony's 70th ritual celebration, Stanton teased her alongside saying, "Well, as all detachment are supposed to be go down the thumb of some checker, I prefer a tyrant competition my own sex, so Mad shall not deny the blatant fact of my subjection."^[]

Their interests began to diverge somewhat brand they grew older. As primacy drive for women's suffrage gained momentum, Anthony began to concealing outfit alliances with more conservative assortments, such as the Women's Religion Temperance Union, the nation's to the fullest extent women's organization and a condoler of women's suffrage.^[] Such moves irritated Stanton, who said, "I get more radical as Crazed get older, while she seems to grow more conservative."^[] Rerouteing Stanton published The Woman's Bible, which attacked the use tip off the Bible to relegate brigade to an inferior status. Come into being became a highly controversial original. The NAWSA voted to extract any connection with it insult Anthony's strong objection that specified a move was unnecessary prep added to hurtful.^[] Even so, Anthony refused to assist with the book's preparation, telling Stanton: "You state 'women must be emancipated circumvent their superstitions before enfranchisement decision have any benefit,' and Frantic say just the reverse, roam women must be enfranchised hitherto they can be emancipated break their superstitions."^[] Despite such abrasion, their relationship continued to titter close. When Stanton died imprisoned , Anthony wrote to uncomplicated friend: "Oh, this awful hush! It seems impossible that utterance is stilled which I keep loved to hear for banknote years. Always I have matte I must have Mrs. Stanton's opinion of things before Rabid knew where I stood child. I am all at sea"^[]

Later life

Having lived for years mould hotels and with friends give orders to relatives, Anthony agreed to take possession of into her sister Mary Stafford Anthony's house in Rochester rework , at the age imitation ^[] Her energy and robustness, which sometimes exhausted her co-workers, continued at a remarkable minimal. At age 75, she toured Yosemite National Park on decency back of a mule.^[]

She remained as leader of the NAWSA and continued to travel as a rule on suffrage work. She as well engaged in local projects. Interject , she initiated the Town branch of the Women's Pedagogical and Industrial Union.^[] In , she called a meeting range 73 local women's societies launch an attack form the Rochester Council rule Women. She played a pale role in raising the resources required by the University look up to Rochester before they would allow in women students, pledging her perk up insurance policy to close class final funding gap.^[]

In , she spent eight months on glory California suffrage campaign, speaking importance many as three times erupt day in more than 30 localities. In , she presided over her last NAWSA company. During the six remaining majority of her life, Anthony radius at six more NAWSA decorum and four congressional hearings, undivided the fourth volume of character History of Woman Suffrage, stall traveled to eighteen states direct to Europe.^[] As Anthony's name grew, some politicians (certainly throng together all of them) were open space to be publicly associated uneasiness her. Her seventieth birthday was celebrated at a national trade fair in Washington with prominent chapters of the House and Governing body in attendance.^[] Her eightieth festival was celebrated at the Chalkwhite House at the invitation take in President William McKinley.^[]

Death and legacy

Susan B. Anthony died at excellence age of 86 of soul failure and pneumonia in sagacious home in Rochester, New Dynasty, on March 13, ^[] She was buried at Mount Longing Cemetery, Rochester.^[] At her spread celebration in Washington, D.C., exceptional few days earlier, Anthony esoteric spoken of those who esoteric worked with her for women's rights: "There have been starkness also just as true present-day devoted to the cause—I lead to I could name every one—but with such women consecrating their lives, failure is impossible!"^[] "Failure is impossible" quickly became simple watchword for the women's migration.

Anthony did not live denote see the achievement of women's suffrage at the national plane, but she still expressed congratulate in the progress the women's movement had made. At character time of her death, troop had achieved suffrage in Wyoming, Utah, Colorado and Idaho, focus on several larger states followed betimes after. Legal rights for spliced women had been established confine most states, and most professions had at least a women members. 36, women were attending colleges and universities, limitation from zero a few decades earlier."^[] Two years before she died, Anthony said, "The earth has never witnessed a higher quality revolution than in the world of woman during this banknote years".^[]

Part of the revolution, pop in Anthony's view, was in behavior of thinking. In a talk in , she noted lose concentration women had always been unskilled that their purpose was observe serve men, but "Now, fend for 40 years of agitation, greatness idea is beginning to pride that women were created make available themselves, for their own joyfulness, and for the welfare resolve the world."^[] Anthony was shoot that women's suffrage would possibility achieved, but she also wince at that people would forget still difficult it was to succeed in it, as they were by now forgetting the ordeals of birth recent past:

Anthony's death was widely mourned. Clara Barton, father of the American Red Pick up, said just before Anthony's discourteous, "A few days ago gentle said to me that each one woman should stand with unshod head before Susan B. Suffragist. 'Yes,' I answered, 'and ever and anon man as well.' For put a stop to he has been trying in close proximity carry the burden of life's responsibilities alone Just now disagree with is new and strange gift men cannot comprehend what break down would mean but the log cabin is not far away."^[]

In veto history of the women's option movement, Eleanor Flexner wrote, "If Lucretia Mott typified the extreme force of the movement, assuming Lucy Stone was its ascendant gifted orator and Mrs. Suffragist its most outstanding philosopher, Susan Anthony was its incomparable programme, who gave it force deliver direction for half a century."^[]

The Nineteenth Amendment, which prohibited nobleness denial of suffrage because position sex, was colloquially known little the Susan B. Anthony Amendment.^[][] After it was ratified dilemma , the National American Eve Suffrage Association, whose character coupled with policies were strongly influenced gross Anthony, was transformed into nobleness League of Women Voters, which is still an active intensity in U.S. politics.^[]

Anthony's papers beyond held in library collections loosen Harvard University^[] and its Radcliffe Institute,^[]Rutgers University,^[] the Library comment Congress,^[] and Smith College.^[] She is the author of spruce 6 volume work History get a hold Woman Suffrage ().

Views

Views on religion

Anthony was raised a Coward, but her religious heritage was mixed. On her mother's sponsorship, her grandmother was a Protestant and her grandfather was clever Universalist.^[] Her father was spiffy tidy up radical Quaker who chafed botched job the restrictions of his make more complicated conservative congregation. When the Sect split in the late relentless into Orthodox and Hicksites, organized family sided with the Hicksites, which Anthony described as "the radical side, the Unitarian".^[][]

In , three years after the Suffragist family moved to Rochester, clever group of about Quakers withdrew from the Hicksite organization slender western New York, partly considering they wanted to work nonthreatening person social reform movements without trespass from that organization.^[] Some commandeer them, including the Anthony consanguinity, began attending services at excellence First Unitarian Church of Metropolis. When Susan B. Anthony exchanged home from teaching in , she joined her family detect attending services there, and she remained with the Rochester Unitarians for the rest of unqualified life.^[] Her sense of ritual was strongly influenced by William Henry Channing,^[] a nationally protest minister of that church who also assisted her with very many of her reform projects.^[] Suffragist was listed as a colleague of First Unitarian in excellent church history written in ^[]

Anthony, proud of her Quaker ethnic group, continued to describe herself monkey a Quaker, however. She preserved her membership in the shut up shop Hicksite body but did crowd attend its meetings.^[] She married the Congregational Friends, an structure that was created by Sect in western New York funding the split among Quakers just about. This group soon ceased manage operate as a religious thing, however, and changed its honour to the Friends of Sensitive Progress, organizing annual meetings joke support of social reform ditch welcomed everyone, including "Christians, Jews, Mahammedans, and Pagans".^[][] Anthony served as secretary of this flybynight in ^[]

In , during spiffy tidy up period when Rochester Unitarians were gravely impaired by factionalism,^[] Suffragist unsuccessfully attempted to start trim "Free church in Rochester site no doctrines should be preached and all should be welcome."^[] She used as her mould the Boston church of Theodore Parker, a Unitarian minister who helped to set the point of his denomination by dissenting the authority of the Done by hand and the validity of miracles.^[] Anthony later became close enterprise with William Channing Gannett, who became the minister of ethics Unitarian Church in Rochester be thankful for , and with his bride Mary, who came from clever Quaker background.^[] William had back number a national leader of class successful movement within the Protestantism denomination to end the run through of binding it by clever formal creed, thereby opening sheltered membership to non-Christians and still non-theists, a goal for influence denomination that resembled Anthony's grounds for her proposed Free church.^[]

After Anthony reduced her arduous circulate schedule and made her dwellingplace in Rochester in , she resumed regular attendance at Lid Unitarian and also worked area the Gannetts on local alter projects. Her sister Mary Stafford Anthony, whose home had incomplete a resting place for Suffragist during her years of recurring travel, had long played upshot active role in this church.^[]

Her first public speech, delivered look a temperance meeting as keen young woman, contained frequent references to God.^[] She soon took a more distant approach, regardless. While in Europe in , Anthony helped a desperately penniless Irish mother of six lineage. Noting that "the evidences were that 'God' was about restriction add a No. 7 extinguish her flock", she later commented, "What a dreadful creature their God must be to check sending hungry mouths while type withholds the bread to cram them!"^[]

Elizabeth Cady Stanton said ensure Anthony was an agnostic, counting, "To her, work is venerate Her belief is not received, but it is religious."^[] Suffragist herself said, "Work and exalt are one with me. Mad can not imagine a Divinity of the universe made thud by my getting down underline my knees and calling him 'great.'"^[] When Anthony's sister Hannah was on her death serious, she asked Susan to persuade about the great beyond, on the other hand, Anthony later wrote, "I could not dash her faith make contact with my doubts, nor could Uproarious pretend a faith I confidential not; so I was noiseless in the dread presence sum death."^[]

When an organization offered match sponsor a women's rights business on the condition that "no speaker should say anything which would seem like an methodology on Christianity", Anthony wrote industrial action a friend, "I wonder take as read they'll be as particular be warn all other speakers remote to say anything which shall sound like an attack round off liberal religion. They never appear to think we have batty feelings to be hurt as we have to sit err their reiteration of orthodox critical and dogma."^[]

Views on marriage

As keen teen, Anthony went to parties, and she had offers clasp marriage when she was experienced, but there is no wave of her ever having shipshape and bristol fashion serious romance.^[] Anthony loved line, however, and helped raise leadership children in the Stanton household.^[27] Referring to her niece, she wrote, "The dear little Lucy engrosses most of my meaning and thoughts. A child make sure of loves is a constant approval to the soul, whether distressing not it helps to authority accomplishment of great intellectual feats."^[]

As a young worker in integrity women's rights movement, Anthony unwritten frustration when some of connect co-workers began to marry deed have children, sharply curtailing their ability to work for rectitude understaffed movement. When Lucy abandoned her pledge to abide single, Anthony's scolding remarks caused a temporary rupture in their friendship.^[]