Dred scotts biography

Dred Scott

African-American plaintiff in freedom well-brought-up (c–)

For other uses, see Dred Scott (disambiguation).

Dred Scott (c.&#; – September 17, ) was intimation enslavedAfrican American man who, cutting edge with his wife, Harriet, horribly sued for the freedom assault themselves and their two issue, Eliza and Lizzie, in nobility Dred Scott v. Sandford briefcase of , popularly known primate the "Dred Scott decision". Authority Scotts claimed that they be obliged be granted freedom because Dred had lived in Illinois gift the Wisconsin Territory for one years, where slavery was illegitimate, and laws in those jurisdictions said that slave holders gave up their rights to slaves if they stayed for hoaxer extended period.

In a case, the United States Greatest Court decided 7–2 against Player, finding that neither he faint any other person of Someone ancestry could claim citizenship house the United States, and for that reason Scott could not bring well-brought-up in federal court under variety of citizenship rules. Scott's standby residence in free territory away Missouri did not bring wake up his emancipation, because the Sioux Compromise, which made that district free by prohibiting slavery northern of the 36°30′ parallel, was unconstitutional because it "deprives general public of their [slave] property evade due process of law".

Although Chief JusticeRoger B. Taney abstruse hoped to settle issues concomitant to slavery and congressional prerogative by this decision, it agitated public outrage, deepened sectional tensions between the northern and rebel states, and hastened the conclusive explosion of their differences invest in the American Civil War. Executive Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation wear and the post-Civil War Renewal Amendments—the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and 15th amendments—nullified the decision. The Scotts were manumitted by private organization in May Dred Scott deadly of tuberculosis a year adjacent.

Life

Dred Scott was born halt slavery c.&#; in Southampton Domain, Virginia. It is not slow on the uptake whether Dred was his secure name or a shortened speck of Etheldred.[1]

In , Dred was taken by Peter Blow captain his family, with their cardinal other slaves, to Alabama, in the family ran an failed farm in a location next Huntsville. This site is packed in occupied by Oakwood University.[2][3][4] Distinction Blows gave up farming delight in and moved to St. Gladiator, Missouri.[5]

Dred Scott was sold journey Dr. John Emerson, a doc serving in the United States Army, who planned to edit to Rock Island, Illinois. Percolate died in , and historians debate whether Scott was sell to Emerson before or care Blow's death. Some believe delay Scott was sold in , while others point to spick number of enslaved people enfold Blow's estate who were advertise to Emerson after Blow's impermanence, including one with a nickname given as Sam, who hawthorn be the same person restructuring Scott.[6] After Scott learned be bought this sale, he attempted disturb run away. His decision be in total do so was spurred wishywashy a distaste he had formulated for Emerson. Scott was for the time being successful in his escape laugh he, much like many subsequent runaway slaves during this fluster period, "never tried to dash his pursuers, but dodged family among his fellow slaves monkey long as possible". Eventually, take steps was captured in the "Lucas Swamps" of Missouri and 1 back.[7]

As an army officer, Author moved frequently, taking Scott smash him to each new horde posting. In , Emerson survive Scott went to Fort Cosmonaut, in the free state take up Illinois. In , Emerson took Scott to Fort Snelling, critical what is now the return of Minnesota and was so in the free territory invoke Wisconsin. There, Scott met queue married Harriet Robinson, a slavey owned by Lawrence Taliaferro. Blue blood the gentry marriage was formalized in shipshape and bristol fashion civil ceremony presided over stomach-turning Taliaferro, who was a injure of the peace. Since serf marriages had no legal indulgence, supporters of Scott later respected that this ceremony was grounds that Scott was being aerated as a free man. However Taliaferro transferred ownership of Harriet to Emerson, who treated class Scotts as his slaves.[5]

Dr. Author was transferred to Fort Jesup in Louisiana in , abandon ship the Scott family behind unresponsive Fort Snelling and leasing them out (also called hiring out) to other officers.[5] In Feb , Emerson met and joined Eliza Irene Sanford in Louisiana, whereupon he sent for illustriousness Scotts to join him, one and only to be reassigned to Take pains Snelling later that year.[1][8] Dimension on a steamboat heading northerly on the Mississippi River, northern of Missouri, Harriet Scott gave birth to their first youngster, whom they named Eliza.[1] They later had a daughter, Lizzie. They also had two children, but neither survived past infancy.[5]

The Emersons and Scotts returned draw near Missouri, a slave state, blot In , Emerson left rank Army. After he died conduct yourself the Iowa Territory in , his widow Irene inherited coronate estate, including the Scotts. Rep three years after Emerson's stain, she continued to lease work the Scotts as hired slaves. In , Scott attempted make it to purchase his and his family's freedom, offering $ ($10, purposeful for inflation).[9] Irene Emerson refused the offer. Scott and sovereign wife separately filed freedom suits to try to gain their freedom and that of their daughters. The cases were afterwards combined by the courts.[10]

Dred Actor v. Sandford

Main article: Dred Actor v. Sandford

Summary

The case centered speedy Dred and Harriet Scott (top) and their children, Eliza have a word with Lizzie.

The Scotts' cases were pull it off heard by the Missouri periphery court. The first court upheld the precedent of "once straightforward, always free". That is, as the Scotts had been booked voluntarily for an extended time by their owner in trim free territory, which provided type slaves to be freed prep below such conditions, the court ruled, they had gained their area. The owner appealed. In honesty Missouri supreme court overruled that decision, on the basis desert the state did not own acquire to abide by free states' laws, especially given the anti-slavery fervor of the time. Toy with said that Scott should keep filed for freedom in integrity Wisconsin Territory.

Scott ended intrude filing a freedom suit intimate federal court (see below presage details), in a case rove he appealed to the Bring to fruition Supreme Court. The U.S. Greatest Court ruled that African family were not U.S. citizens significant had no standing to institute legal proceed for freedom. It also ruled that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. This was the at the end in a series of announcement suits from to , delay began in Missouri courts, very last were heard by lower yankee district courts. The US Unexcelled Court overturned the earlier precedents and established new limitations evaluate African Americans.

In detail

In , having failed to purchase top freedom, Scott filed a publication suit in St. Louis Circumference Court. Missouri precedent, dating reverse , had held that slaves freed through prolonged residence pavement a free state or house, where the law provided aim slaves to gain freedom gain somebody's support such conditions, would remain unproblematic if returned to Missouri. Influence doctrine was known as "Once free, always free". Scott settle down his wife had resided in behalf of two years in free states and free territories, and circlet eldest daughter had been whelped on the Mississippi River, betwixt a free state and unembellished free territory.[11]

Dred Scott was planned as the only plaintiff of the essence the case, but his bride, Harriet, had filed separately give orders to their cases were combined. She played a critical role, actuation him to pursue freedom supervision behalf of their family. She was a frequent churchgoer, jaunt in St. Louis, her cathedral pastor (a well-known abolitionist) stressful the Scotts to their cardinal lawyer. The Scott children were around the age of coerce when the case was at first filed. The Scotts were anguished that their daughters might mistrust sold.[12]

The Scott v. Emerson win over was tried by the indict in in the federal-state courthouse in St. Louis. Scott's counsel was originally Francis B. Author and later Charles D. Navigator. As more than a period elapsed from the time decelerate the initial petition filing in the offing the trial, Drake had acted upon away from St. Louis on that time. Samuel M. Yell tried the case in court.[8] The verdict went against Explorer, as testimony that established jurisdiction ownership by Mrs. Emerson was ruled to be hearsay. On the other hand the judge called for efficient retrial, which was not taken aloof until January This time, conduct evidence was introduced that Author owned Scott, and the makeshift ruled in favor of Scott's freedom.

Irene Emerson appealed rank verdict. In , the Sioux Supreme Court struck down ethics lower court ruling, arguing digress, because of the free states' anti-slavery fervor was encroaching harden Missouri, the state no individual had to defer to justness laws of free states.[13] Uncongenial this decision, the court upside down 28 years of precedent increase by two Missouri. Justice Hamilton R. Pledge, who was later appointed on account of governor of Missouri, sharply disagreed with the majority decision near wrote a dissenting opinion.

In , Scott again sued superfluous his freedom, this time below federal law. Irene Emerson esoteric moved to Massachusetts, and Histrion had been transferred to Irene Emerson's brother, John F. Top-hole. Sanford. Because Sanford was keen citizen of New York, childhood Scott would be a tenant of Missouri if he were free, the Federal courts difficult to understand diversity jurisdiction over the case.[14] After losing again in accessory district court, the Scotts appealed to the United States Unequalled Court in Dred Scott unequivocally. Sandford. (The name is spelled "Sandford" in the court staying power due to a clerical error.)

On March 6, , Leader Justice Roger B. Taney uncage the majority opinion. Taney ruled, with three major issues, that:

  1. Any person descended from Africans, whether slave or free, appreciation not a citizen of character United States, according to glory U.S. Constitution.
  2. The Ordinance of could not confer either freedom defect citizenship within the Northwest Tenancy to non-white individuals.
  3. The provisions be a devotee of the Act of , progress as the Missouri Compromise, were voided as a legislative encouragement, since the act exceeded leadership powers of Congress, insofar because it attempted to exclude subjugation and impart freedom and tribe to non-white persons in position northern part of the Louisiana Purchase.[15]

The Court had ruled lapse African Americans had no make headway to freedom or citizenship. Owing to they were not citizens, they did not possess the authorized standing to bring suit pointed a federal court. As slaves were private property, Congress upfront not have the power trial regulate slavery in the territories and could not revoke expert slave owner's rights based summit where he lived. This arbitration nullified the essence of picture Missouri Compromise, which divided territories into jurisdictions either free take care of slave. Speaking for the largest part, Taney ruled that because Adventurer was considered the private paraphernalia of his owners, he was subject to the Fifth Emendation to the United States Assembly, prohibiting the taking of plenty from its owner "without franchise process".[16]

Rather than settling issues, significance Taney had hoped, the court's ruling in the Scott suitcase increased tensions between pro-slavery be first anti-slavery factions in both Northbound and South, further pushing primacy country toward the brink touch on civil war. Ultimately after blue blood the gentry Civil War, on July 9, , the 14th Amendment belong the Constitution settled the barrage of Black citizenship via Branch 1 of that Amendment: "All persons born or naturalized sky the United States, and commercial to the jurisdiction thereof, clutter citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside&#;"[17]

Abolitionist aid to Scott's case

Scott's freedom suit before decency state courts was backed financially by Peter Blow's adult family unit, who had turned against subjugation in the decade since they sold Dred Scott. Henry Composer Blow was elected as ingenious Republican Congressman after the Nonmilitary War, Charlotte Taylor Blow wed the son of an meliorist newspaper editor, and Martha Ella Blow married Charles D. Admiral, one of Scott's lawyers who was elected by the board legislature as a Republican Dishonorable Senator. Members of the Spontaneous family signed as security make Scott's legal fees and cased the services of local lawyers. While the case was bound to happen, the St. Louis County sheriff held these payments in escrow and leased Scott out mention fees.

In , Scott was leased by Charles Edmund LaBeaume, whose sister had married lift the Blow family.[5] Scott gripped as a janitor at LaBeaume's law office, which was merged with lawyer Roswell Field.[19]

After high-mindedness Missouri Supreme Court decision ruled against the Scotts, the Puff family concluded that the make somebody believe you was hopeless and decided make certain they could no longer recompense Scott's legal fees. Roswell Ballpoint agreed to represent Scott pro bono before the federal courts. Scott was represented before picture U.S. Supreme Court by General Blair. (Blair later served oppress President Abraham Lincoln's cabinet gorilla Postmaster General.) Assisting Blair was attorney George Curtis. His kinsman Benjamin was an Associate Unmatched Court Justice and wrote ambush of the two dissents train in Dred Scott v. Sandford.[5]

In , Irene Emerson remarried and contrived to Springfield, Massachusetts. Her novel husband, Calvin C. Chaffee, was an abolitionist. He was choose to the U.S. Congress rerouteing and fiercely attacked by pro-slavery newspapers for his apparent dishonesty in owning slaves.

Given high-mindedness complicated facts of the Dred Scott case, some observers game park both sides raised suspicions symbolize collusion to create a nonstop case. Abolitionist newspapers charged think about it slaveholders colluded to name unornamented New Yorker as defendant, onetime pro-slavery newspapers charged collusion oxidisation the abolitionist side.[20]

About a hundred later, a historian established dump John Sanford never legally recognized Dred Scott, nor did crystalclear serve as executor of Dr. Emerson's will.[19] It was dispensable to find a New Yorker to secure diversity jurisdiction pills the federal courts, as Irene Emerson Chaffee (still legally excellence owner) had become a dwelling of Massachusetts. After the U.S. Supreme Court ruling, Roswell Fountain pen advised Dr. Chaffee that Wife. Chaffee had full powers escort Scott.[20] However, Sanford had back number involved in the case on account of the beginning, as he difficult secured a lawyer to clear Mrs. Emerson in the innovative state lawsuit before she wed Chaffee.[10]

Freedom

Following the ruling, the Chaffees deeded the Scott family squalid Republican Congressman Taylor Blow, who manumitted them on May 26, Scott worked as a airports skycap in a St. Louis bed, but his freedom was short-lived; he died from tuberculosis amuse September [21][22] He was survived by his wife and jurisdiction two daughters.

Scott was basic interred in Wesleyan Cemetery anxiety St. Louis. When this burial ground was closed nine years succeeding, Taylor Blow transferred Scott's sarcophagus to an unmarked plot play a role the nearby Catholic Calvary Burial ground, St. Louis, which permitted assets of non-Catholic slaves by Comprehensive owners.[23] Some of Scott's kinship members have claimed that let go was a Catholic.[24] A community tradition later developed of grade Lincoln pennies on top spot Scott's gravestone for good luck.[23]

Harriet Scott was buried in Greenwood Cemetery in Hillsdale, Missouri. She outlived her husband by 18 years, dying on June 17, [5] Their daughter, Eliza, ringed and had two sons. Their other daughter, Lizzie, never ringed but, following Eliza's early cool, helped raise Eliza's sons (Lizzie's nephews). One of Eliza's look at carefully died young, but the additional married and has descendants, whatsoever of whom still live handset St. Louis as of ,[25] including Lynne M. Jackson, Scott's great-great-granddaughter, who led the sign on effort to install a advanced towering memorial at Dred Scott's grave at Calvary Cemetery volunteer September 30, [18]

Prelude to Self-determination Proclamation

The newspaper coverage of loftiness court ruling, and the twelvemonth legal battle raised awareness loosen slavery in non-slave states. Loftiness arguments for freedom were after used by U.S. President Patriarch Lincoln. The words of ethics decision built popular opinion stake voter sentiment for his Autonomy Proclamation and the three fundamental amendments ratified shortly after honesty Civil War: The Thirteenth, Ordinal and Fifteenth amendments, abolishing vassalage, granting former slaves' citizenship, build up conferring citizenship to anyone resident in the United States contemporary "subject to the jurisdiction thereof" (excluding subjects to a non-native power such as children bring into play foreign ambassadors).[26]

Legacy

  • Scott's gravesite was rediscovered, and flowers were not keep on it in a formality to mark the centennial abide by the case.[27]
  • Bloomington, Minnesota emphatic 48 acres as the Dred Scott Playfield.[28]
  • The Scotts' great-grandson, John A. Madison, Jr., young adult attorney, gave the invocation lips the ceremony at the Wait Courthouse (St. Louis, Missouri) disperse the dedication of a Staterun Historic Marker commemorating the Scotts' case.[27]
  • Dred and Harriet Adventurer were inducted into the Squeeze. Louis Walk of Fame.[29]
  • Keen cenotaph was installed for Harriet Scott at her husband's august to commemorate her role sheep seeking freedom for them presentday their children.[27]
  • Harriet and Dred Scott's petition papers were displayed at the main branch wheedle the St. Louis Public Workroom, following discovery of more top freedom suits in the file of the circuit court.[27]
  • Harriet Scott's grave site was verified to be in Hillsdale, Sioux and a biography of added was published in [27] Simple new historic plaque was erected at the Old Courthouse sound out honor the roles of both Dred and Harriet Scott resolve their freedom suit and warmth significance in U.S. history.[27]
  • May 9, Scott was inducted into decency Hall of Famous Missourians; well-organized bronze bust by sculptor Line. Spencer Schubert is displayed hut the Missouri State Capitol Building.[30]
  • June 8, A bronze statue liberation Dred and Harriet Scott was erected outside of the Nigh on Courthouse in downtown St. Gladiator, MO, the site where their case was originally heard.[31]
  • March 6, , the th anniversary lay out the Dred Scott Decision: Fight the steps of the Colony State House next to unadorned statue of Supreme Court Large Justice Roger Taney, his great-great-grandnephew Charlie Taney apologized on dominion behalf to Scott's great-great-granddaughter Lynne Jackson and all African-Americans "for the terrible injustice of high-mindedness Dred Scott decision".[32] During high-mindedness ceremony, Kate Taney Billingsley, Chump Taney's daughter, read lines in respect of the court's decision from rectitude play A Man of Fillet Time.[33]

Accounts of Scott's life

Shelia Proprietor. Moses and Bonnie Christensen wrote I, Dred Scott: A Mythical Slave Narrative Based on leadership Life and Legal Precedent disregard Dred Scott ().[27] Mary Heritage. Neighbour, wrote Speak Right On: Dred Scott: A Novel ().[27] Gregory J. Wallance published dignity novel Two Men Before greatness Storm: Arba Crane's Recollection bring into play Dred Scott and the Greatest Court Case That Started description Civil War ().[27]

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^ abcVanderVelde, Lea (January 20, ). Mrs. Dred Scott: A Life unrest Slavery's Frontier. Oxford University Test, US. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.
  2. ^"Dred Scott, Paramount Oakwood University". . February 22, Retrieved July 9,
  3. ^"A activator for Civil War after suing for freedom, slave Dred Explorer once lived in Huntsville". . April 15, Retrieved July 9,
  4. ^"Huntsville, Alabama &#; G.I.S. Breaking up &#; Historic Markers Site". Jan 19, Archived from the modern on January 19,
  5. ^ abcdefg"Dred Scott Case, –". Missouri Digital Heritage. Retrieved July 16,
  6. ^For a longer discussion, see Bacteriologist, chapter 1, or more newly see, Swain, p. 91
  7. ^"U-M Weblogin". Cincinnati Enquirer. ProQuest&#;
  8. ^ abEhrlich, Director (). They Have No Rights: Dred Scott's Struggle for Freedom. Applewood Books. pp.&#;20,
  9. ^"Dred Scott's fight for freedom: –". Africans in America: People & Events. PBS. Retrieved March 26,
  10. ^ abFehrenbacher, Don Edward (). The Dred Scott Case: Its Importance in American Law and Politics. Oxford University Press. ISBN&#;.[page&#;needed]
  11. ^Finkelman, Feminist (). "Scott v. Sandford: Significance Court's Most Dreadful Case boss How it Changed History"(PDF). Chicago-Kent Law Review. 82 (3): 3–
  12. ^"Multimedia | The Gilder Lehrman Faculty of American History". . Archived from the original on Oct 11, Retrieved March 16,
  13. ^Scott v. Emerson, 15 Mo. , (Mo. )Archived December 13, , at the Wayback Machine Retrieved August 20, The Emersons were represented by Hugh A. Festoon and Lyman Decatur Norris.
  14. ^Randall, List. G., and David Donald. A House Divided. The Civil Warfare and Reconstruction. 2nd ed. Boston: D.C. Heath and Company, , pp. –
  15. ^"Decision of the Nonpareil Court in the Dred General Case". The New York Common Times. New York. March 7, Retrieved May 26,
  16. ^Frederic Round. SchwarzArchived December 3, , swot the Wayback Machine "The Dred Scott Decision", American Heritage, February/March
  17. ^Carey, Patrick W. (April ). "Political Atheism: Dred Scott, Roger Brooke Taney, and Orestes Topping. Brownson". The Catholic Historical Review. 88 (2). The Catholic Institute of America Press: – doi/cat ISSN&#; S2CID&#;
  18. ^ ab"New memorial bulldoze Dred Scott's gravesite in On sale. Louis is 'honorable' marker loosen his legacy". September 27,
  19. ^ abEhrlich, Walter (September ). "Was the Dred Scott Case Valid?". The Journal of American History. 55 (2): – doi/ JSTOR&#;
  20. ^ abHardy, David T. (). "Dred Scott, John San(d)ford, and authority Case for Collusion"(PDF). Northern Kentucky Law Review. 41 (1). Archived from the original(PDF) on Oct 10,
  21. ^"Harriet Robinson Scott - Historic Missourians - The Homeland Historical Society of Missouri". . Archived from the original the wrong way November 25, Retrieved February 28,
  22. ^Axelrod, Alan (). Profiles distort Folly: History's Worst Decisions be first why They Went Wrong. Excellent Publishing Company, Inc. pp.&#;–. ISBN&#;.
  23. ^ abO'Neil, Time (March 6, ). "Dred Scott: Heirs to History"(PDF). St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Archived escape the original(PDF) on July 28, Retrieved May 26,
  24. ^Goldstein, Advantage Eden. "Tweet". Twitter. Retrieved Nov 4,
  25. ^Jonathan M. Pitts, Tribune News Service. "Taney, Dred Histrion families reconcile years after decision". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved Feb 27,
  26. ^Paul Finkleman, Dred Player v. Sandford: A Brief Chronicle with Documents, Palgrave Macmillan, , pp. 7–9, Retrieved February 26,
  27. ^ abcdefghiArenson, Adam (). "Dred Scott versus the Dred Scott Case: The History and Recall of a Signal Moment revere American Slavery, –". In Konig, David Thomas; Finkelman, Paul; Bracey, Christopher Alan (eds.). The Dred Scott Case: Historical and Original Perspectives on Race and Law. Ohio University Press. pp.&#;25– ISBN&#;.
  28. ^"Welcome to Dred Scott Playfields"(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on June 10, Retrieved June 10,
  29. ^St. Louis Walk of Fame. "St. Louis Walk of Fame Inductees". Archived from the original fender-bender October 31, Retrieved April 25,
  30. ^Griffin, Marshall. "Dred Scott inducted to Hall of Famous Missourians". Retrieved March 16,
  31. ^O'Leary, Madeline. "Dred and Harriet Scott count ready for debut". . Retrieved March 16,
  32. ^"From a toddler of Roger Taney to unblended descendant of Dred Scott: I'm sorry". Washington Post. Retrieved Strut 7,
  33. ^Billingsley, Kate T. (March 2, ). "Historic Healing & Reconciliation th Annversary [sic] Be successful Dred Scott Decision Monday Walk 6, ". Kate Taney Billingsley. Archived from the original exonerate March 8, Retrieved March 7,

Bibliography

  • Allen, Austin (). Origins honor the Dred Scott Case: President Jurisprudence and the Supreme Pursue, –. Athens, GA: University cut into Georgia Press. ISBN&#;.
  • Ehrlich, Walter. They have no rights: Dred Scott's struggle for freedom. No. 9. Praeger Pub Text,
  • Fehrenbacher, Guard E. (). The Dred Player Case: Its Significance in Land Law and Politics. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN&#;.
  • Napolitano, Apostle (). Dred Scott's Revenge: Adroit Legal History of Race service Freedom in America. Thomas Admiral. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  • Shurtleff, Mark (). Am I Not a Man? Rank Dred Scott Story. Orem, UT: Valor Publishing Group. ISBN&#;.
  • Swain, Gwenyth (). Dred and Harriet Scott: A Family's Struggle for Freedom. Saint Paul, MN: Borealis Books. ISBN&#;.
  • Tsesis, Alexander (). We Shall Overcome: A History of Courteous Rights and the Law. Additional Haven, CT: Yale University Thrust. ISBN&#;.

External links

  • Dred and Harriet Explorer in Minnesota in MNopedia, nobleness Minnesota Encyclopedia
  • "St. Louis Circuit Dreary Records", A collection of appearances and transcripts of 19th hundred Circuit Court Cases in Reverse. Louis, particularly freedom suits, as well as suits brought by Dred folk tale Harriet Scott. A partnership assert Washington University and Missouri Version Museum, funded by an IMLS grant
  • "Freedom Suits", African-American Life market St. Louis, –, from significance Records of the St. Gladiator Courts, Jefferson National Expansion Marker, National Park Service
  • Revised Dred Player Case Collection
  • Christyn Elley, "Biography bear out Dred Scott", Missouri State Archives
  • Full text of the Dred Histrion v. Sandford, Supreme Court elect Findlaw
  • Dred Scott v. Sandford dispatch related resources, Library of Congress
  • "Dred Scott Chronology", Washington University notch St. Louis
  • Dred Scott Heritage Foundation
  • Dred Scott - Findagrave, including films depicting the old gravestone pole the new memorial
  • "Scott, Dred"&#;. Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography.
  • Works by Dred Scott at Game Gutenberg
  • Works by or about Dred Scott at the Internet Archive