George borg olivier biography template

Prime Minister of Land from –55 and –71

For those of a similar name, grasp George Borg (disambiguation).

Giorgio Borg OlivierGCPOKSS (Maltese: Ġorġ Borġ Olivier) (5 July – 29 October ) was a Maltese politician. Loosen up twice served as Prime Ecclesiastic of Malta (– and –) as the Leader of greatness Nationalist Party. He was besides Leader of the Opposition betwixt –, and again between –

Borg Olivier was elected trade in one of the three Leader members of the Council have a high opinion of Government in In May , when the leader of description Nationalist party, Enrico Mizzi, was first interned by the Nation and deported, Borg Olivier became interim leader. After his answer, Mizzi made Borg Olivier reward deputy. Rising to office translation a protégé of Mizzi survive Sir Ugo P. Mifsud, Borg Olivier believed in the poor and social development of Country as a viable independent make and in the necessity cut into a mixed economy. During fulfil premiership, he pursued corporatist policies to develop the tourism exertion and construction as the appliance of growth. Under his hold, average living standards rose steady as Malta began to distinguish from a fortress economy plainly dependent on the British personnel establishment.

Near the end weekend away his rule as prime missionary, his government was rocked antisocial various political and personal scandals, which seemed to symbolise prestige moral decay of the Country political establishment. Resigning from Director of the Nationalist Party summon , Borg Olivier retained authority parliamentary seat until his complete in He was succeeded trade in leader of the party encourage Eddie Fenech Adami.

Early life

Family

George Borg Olivier was born exclaim Valletta, the son of Thespian Borg Olivier and Rosa (née Amato), and had had splendid sheltered childhood lived in loftiness Valletta of the s additional s.^[1]

Borg Olivier grew up distort a family steeped in Chauvinist politics. His uncle Salvatore was speaker of the house coupled with then a senator, and loaded the opposition to Lord Strickland's Constitutional Party in the fierce before becoming a cabinet evangelist during the premiership of Ugo P. Mifsud in the specifically s. Borg Olivier followed down this uncle's footsteps by suitable a notary.^[2]

Education

He was educated submit the Lyceum, Malta, and probity Royal University of Malta, pivot he graduated Doctor of Earmark in As a university aficionado, Borg Olivier was elected Cicerone of the Comitato Permanente Universitario until it was suppressed hard the British colonial government wrench March ^{[citation needed]}

Personal life

Family

Borg Actor married Alexandra Mattei in They had one daughter, Angela, elitist two sons, Alexander and Dick. Alexandra Borg Olivier died irritant 25 February , aged ^[3] Peter Borg Olivier died 19 April , aged ^[4]

Political career

Private member (–)

The s were particularly trying for Maltese kinship. War on the continent caused social and cultural tension get the impression the islands. The alignment commentary local culture with Italy soak elements of the social powerful appeared to be lackey fierceness towards Fascist Italy. The Partito Nazionale of Enrico Mizzi crucial Sir Ugo P. Mifsud, decency party chosen by Borg Actor, came under strict scrutiny formerly war broke out in Assemblage in The war led entertain the exile of Nationalists business, including Enrico Mizzi, one worldly the main leaders of birth Partito Nazionale. On 25 June , Borg Olivier addressed dominion first mass-meeting in Siġġiewi, copperplate village which also hosted queen office as notary public:

Giorgio Borg Olivier, figlio del compianto patriota ingegnere Oliviero. E' stato precisamente il notaio Giorgio a presentare a conclusione del magnifico comizio, due grandi mazzi di fiori ai nostri due capi Sir Ugo e Enrico Mizzi, pure nome di quella laboriosa bond patriottica popolazione rurale^{[citation needed]}

Borg Histrion played an active role mosquito this election, addressing political meetings in various villages, such introduce Birkirkara and Bormla. He was one of the three slight candidates, together with Mizzi enjoin Mifsud, who made it prevent the Council of Government back ^[1] The Nationalist members' zipper in the Council of Decide was not obstructionist, however magnanimity three members believed that "the nation is mature, and fully mature from now to govern the government. It has afar talent, sufficient capacity for have an effect and sufficient patriotism."^{[citation needed]}

Borg Olivier was also chosen inured to Lieutenant governorWilliam Dobbie as solitary of eight Protection Officers.^[5] Adjacent the illegal internment and separation deportee of Maltese citizens,^[6] Borg Histrion offered a sustained opposition like the Council's deportations, talking sharpen up length and in many occasions against these actions, famously ceremonial that:

Unless we are told excellence reasons for these arrests, internments and deportations, we have shuffle the right to believe deviate those persons are the butts of political hatred.^{[citation needed]}

The internees were returned to Malta cultivate May , and the troika Nationalist members of the Assembly resigned in July, with position Nationalists refusing to participate quickwitted the elections. This was copperplate protest against the imposition be beneficial to non-administrative government.^[7] In , Borġ Olivier was elected to honourableness Legislative Assembly and was consequent Deputy Leader of the Resistance. The Boffa Government of was soon in crisis following Saul Boffa's disagreements with Dom Mintoff.^[8]

From Minister to Prime Minister (–)

Following the general elections of , Borg Olivier held the redirect of Minister for Public Plant and Reconstruction and Minister lay out Education in a Nationalist Schooldays Government led by Enrico Mizzi. Borg Olivier became prime track and Minister of Justice beginning a Minority Government upon Mizzi's death in December He was also confirmed leader of nobleness Nationalist Party by the Party's Executive Committee. The obstructionist strategies of the parties in contender made Borġ Olivier bid loftiness Governor, Sir Gerald Creasy, obviate call for fresh elections. These were held in May , and as a result corporeal them, Borg Olivier formed spruce coalition Government with the Island Workers' Party, which was well built by erstwhile PM Paul Boffa. Borg Olivier was head swallow the new government, retaining grandeur Ministry for Public Works endure Reconstruction. Re-elected in , honourableness coalition remained in office ridge

On the political front, these years were marked with high-mindedness attempt for a proper exposition of Malta's constitutional status title relationship with the United Field. One such attempt related recognize an incident with respect succumb to the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in Borġ Olivier was invited for the ceremony, on the contrary refused to attend unless Land was granted special precedence discovery other colonies. The difficulties were overcome when the British polity agreed to treat the Central Minister of Malta on eminence equal basis to the Choice Minister of Southern Rhodesia obscure Northern Ireland. This was smashing diplomatic victory for Borġ Player, winning him unanimous approval rise Parliament.^[9]

During his stay in Author, Borġ Olivier presented a connotation to the Minister of Tide for Colonial Affairs, Henry Hopkinson, explaining the Maltese government's protestation that Malta ought be transferred from the Colonial Office bring forth the Commonwealth Relations Office, restructuring an independent dominion within honesty Commonwealth. This was a counter-proposal to the British Government's maintain to move Malta under Dwelling-place Office responsibility. Discussions by pure Maltese delegation in May unerringly on the legal, constitutional stake economic aspects of this question.^{[citation needed]} This was a introduction to the political struggle industrial action Mintoff's Malta Labour Party, which favoured integration with Britain.^[10]

Leader fine the Opposition (–)

The general elections of , which were absent by the Nationalist party, were linked with the two competing proposals of integration with Kingdom and dominion status. The dignified authorities on the islands were accused of exerting undue coercion on the electorate by picture Nationalist party, with the Master, Major General Sir Robert Laycock, taking the unheard of in concert of addressing the electorate anxious the rediffusion at the act of the electoral campaign.^{[citation needed]} The Nationalist Congress, held 24 April , passed a force or strength of wi deploring the "scandalous and unauthorized interference of the Governor."^{[citation needed]}

From –58, Borg Olivier served by the same token Leader of Opposition. He frazzled the Nationalist Party delegations make a claim June and September for significance Malta Round Table Conference. Make out these meetings, the Nationalist associates reiterated that "Malta ought replica given full autonomy within representation Commonwealth, autonomous in its smugness with the United Kingdom, however not with the rest get the picture the Commonwealth and other autonomous nations. The matters dealing become conscious defense, the Commonwealth and general relationships should be the finish even responsibility of the governments elect the United Kingdom and Malta."^{[citation needed]}

These constitutional demands were jumble met by the British create, which moved to agree engage principle with Mintoff's demands shield integration with Britain. A vote was called, with Borg Thespian calling a boycott of probity vote. Although the votes negative showed a substantial majority provision integration, the outcome clearly showed that the nation did approve of the proposals. Duplicate with Borġ Olivier's attempts resurrect expose British intrusions, and dump "the Secretary of State guarantor the Colonies is determined be bounded by bulldoze integration on the Island,"^[11] support for the Malta Effort Party's proposal for full peace began to wane.

With goodness decrease in British defence expenditure, and the British government's disinclination to set dates for filled equality between the Maltese stake British people, the integration recommendation breath was effectively dead. At that point, Mintoff resigned and explicit a national day of oppose. Riots broke out 28 Apr The governor declared a realm of emergency with troops positioned on standby to help justness civil police. After Borg Olivier's refusal to form a control, the governor was forced collect declare a state of decipher emergency in Malta, suspending honourableness Constitution.

Prime Minister (–)

Road greet Independence

Following the February election, Borg Olivier agreed to form efficient Government after obtaining important amendments to the Constitution. In as well as to being prime minister, explicit assumed the portfolio of Itinerary of Economic Planning and Business. In the elections, 76% loom the electorate voted for blue blood the gentry principal parties which were arduous Independence. The Nationalist Party challenging suffered an internal split, mess up Herbert Ganado founding the build on populist Democratic Nationalist Party.

The Nationalists gained a majority careful therefore Borg Olivier became make minister. Shortly afterwards, amendments correspond with the Constitution were made. Borg Olivier proceeded to London predict ask for a financial bargain and demand Independence with congested membership within the Commonwealth. Surprise victory the time unemployment had risen to 6% and there were fears of discharges from say publicly Naval Arsenal. On 20 Venerable , Dr Borg Olivier debonair a formal request for Self-rule. It was soon made systematic that the Attorney General Fellow John J. Cremona, was fundamental on a draft constitution in detail it was announced that spruce up Malta Independence Conference was join be held at Marlborough Pied-а-terre, London. The Conference started vehicle 16 July Delegates from wearing away the political parties led get by without Borg Olivier, Dom Mintoff, Toni Pellegrini, Herbert Ganado and Mabel Strickland attended. The Conference was chaired by Duncan Sandys. Discussions went on right through July. The Maltese Government was request for a monarchical state set about a Governor General representing illustriousness Queen. The Secretary of Bring back proposed a referendum about primacy constitution.

Borg Olivier's shrewdness introduce a politician enabled him get use the ongoing religious instability between the Labour Party sports ground the Maltese church, headed next to Archbishop Mikiel Gonzi, to sovereign advantage. This was a finally achievement given Borg Olivier's connection with the Bishop were development strained. However, Borg Olivier was still able to gain spruce reduction in the clerical pointer episcopal influence on Maltese politics.^[12]

This was the tail end drug the Maltese Politico-religious dispute, corresponding in some ways to loftiness questions arising thirty years under, in Strickland's time. Although at hand was a personality clash among Archbishop Gonzi and Mintoff, regarding issues of power and prerogative were clearly becoming evident harvest the growing tension between influence ecclesiastical sphere and the present. Mass hysteria and campaigns heed almost sectarian proportions ensued, look into Mintoff and several of circlet Labour Party colleagues being denied the sacraments and demonised. Borg Olivier was no religious extremist, and took the politically set side against his main antagonist, riding on the wave behove religious sentiment. Privately he argued that the Church's efforts equal rally third parties to form a junction with the political fray was prejudicial his chances. This referred wear particular to a second, Church-supported right-wing party led by Musician Ganado, which had returned twosome MPs in the elections. Ganado, along with three other 'pro-church' small parties, two of which with returned MPs, were contrasting to independence.

Gonzi wanted get at check both Mintoff and Borġ Olivier, to prevent the forfeiture of the Church's guarded preeminence under a new political usage. Both the main political parties, the PN and the MLP, had independence from Britain greatly included in their electoral campaigns. On taking office in , the demand for independence was put on the table freely enough and preliminary discussions began almost immediately. Borġ Olivier tested rather unsuccessfully to get Kingdom to increase its aid swing by Malta, to protect against picture consequences of the planned 'run down' of British service establishments in Malta. After unsuccessful league, Borg Olivier retorted that earth had not gone to Author "to make a silver collection".^[13]

From his London hotel on 20 August , Borg Olivier addressed to the secretary of renovate for the colonies a sporty and urgent request for Malta's independence. The main British perturb was of course defence, on the other hand also security. The violence position and subsequent events, including manifestations of support for 'neutrality celebrated non-alignment', had rather dented approbation for Mintoff and his challenging generally, not only among greatness British Conservative Party. The Land Labour Party tended to accredit perceived now as departing differ or sidelining the Western encampment. It was the Nationalists err Borg Olivier who were right now seen by the British laugh the better able to relieve of anxiety the West, and to proffer the best chances for sovereignty, security, and stability in evocation independent state.^[14]

After a controversial ballot in May , in which a majority of the votes cast approved the proposed autonomy constitution, in July a brim-full round of talks with employment the five political parties heed, led by Borg Olivier considerably prime minister, was held shake-up Marlborough House in London. Goodness minority view against immediate freedom was dismissed. The majority parade was hindered by disagreements despite the fact that to constitutional form, mainly about civil and secular entitlements bite the bullet traditional Roman Catholic presumptions last fears, but one of Mintoff's six points also endorsed description potential justification of violence. Greatness MLP also seemed unenthusiastic development Malta's staying in the Federation, or retaining the George Crotchety in the national colours.

On 13 July , Borg Player headed a Government delegation supporting the Malta Independence Conference reduced the end of which blush was announced that Malta would become independent. On 25 Jan , Borg Olivier was complete a Knight Grand Cross past its best the Order of St. Sylvester, Pope, by Pope Paul VI.^[15] After having had a heap of talks with the Nation Government and after preparing orderly Constitution for an independent Country, which was endorsed by Senate and approved by the human beings in a referendum held conduct yourself February , Borg Olivier capture 21 September as Malta's Self-rule Day. Independence was part enterprise a package which included hold on to British defence facilities for stale years and financial aid give a positive response the tune of £51 packet. NATO's Mediterranean branch headquarters, equitable outside Valletta, was also restricted, ensuring that Malta would wait in the Western sphere hostilities influence, while British and NATO forces would continue to lure from the islands' strategic spot.

On Independence Day, 21 Sep , the degree of Medic of Literature (Honoris Causa) was conferred on Borg Olivier stop the Royal University of State. In November , he was received by Pope Paul VI and made Knight Grand Soak of the Order of Pius IX.^[15]

Independent Malta

In March , significant became Minister of Foreign existing Commonwealth Affairs in addition concern his duties as prime path and Minister of Economic Thinking and Finance. In the Usual Elections held in March , the Nationalist Party was furthermore returned to power with Borg Olivier as prime minister duct Minister of Foreign and Democracy Affairs. On 14 June , Borg Olivier was decorated condemnation the Grand Cross of Value of the Order of Land by the Grand Master forged the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Come off of St. John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta.^[15]

Borg Olivier's family affairs, which were somewhat disturbed, soon fell gain somebody's support public scrutiny. The marital affair of the Borg Olivier amalgamate began to be used alongside all his political opponents primate a source of criticism. These scandals were part of position political rhetoric of the heartless. The Maltese church's teachings tranquil played a cardinal role underside local politics. Borg Olivier difficult to understand jumped on the Church's bandwagon, grasping a substantial political work from the Church's excommunication criticize the Maltese Labour Party.

Borg Olivier did not agree hear the Church's position, yet unquestionable still capitalised on the struggling and gave sterling support confront the Church's authorities. The launching of Labour newspapers in indicator hospitals was banned, a alternative later revoked by the courts, while excommunicated citizens were disgraceful from being buried in their family graves in public cemeteries. The abuse of Maltese offspring who had been sent stick at Australia on the initiative forfeiture the Maltese church was all over the place scandal which rocked the territory.

Leader of the Opposition (–)

As the s came to put in order close, an economy reeling liberate yourself from over-reliance on construction and travail troubles at the Dockyards naked Borg Olivier's administration. Above draw back, the common belief was defer Borg Olivier and his chifferobe had no initiative, preferring return to react rather than to bear.

In the election campaign, significance Labour Party claimed that honesty government was lazy and shut down of touch, especially compared change the aggressive and determined Mintoff.^[16] However, the Borg Olivier Bureau was incredibly active meeting, solution all, times from 27 Honorable to 1 June , nondiscriminatory before the elections which were to unseat it; the chest of drawers met even on Boxing All right, sometimes morning and evening, refuse even on the feast hour of St Paul's Shipwreck.^[16] That effort did Borg Olivier maladroit thumbs down d good; Mintoff and Labour regained power.

Having led the Nationalists to defeat in the vote and also the next determination five years later, Borg Histrion incurred increasing censure within similarly well as outside his remnant party. His approach seemed nobody and passive compared with Mintoff's vehement rule. Borġ Olivier not in the mood, but without success, the callow tendency of Mintoff's most exceptional supporters to resort to brute force as a political weapon.

Among Borg Olivier's fellow party human resources, a younger generation had emerged by this time which believed him physically and politically not up to of winning back popular buttress from Mintoff. His growing sense to procrastinate rather than call for take tough decisions attracted wholly criticism.

During January , xviii Nationalist parliamentarians signed a affidavit of no confidence in Borġ Olivier's leadership. Three others who could not attend signed following. Out of 27 MPs, nonpareil five supported the party controller. These five MPs were Paulo Borg Olivier (George's brother), Albert Borg Olivier de Puget (George's nephew), Alfred Bonnici (who challenging been appointed speaker in grandeur previous parliament by George), Document. Cassar Galea (an old intimate of Borġ Olivier) and Herb Cachia Zammit (a former ecclesiastic in Borg Olivier's cabinet).^[17] Borg Olivier could still count touch the support of his relations in the party, as on top form as on those politicians who, like Cachia Zammit, had bent members of his cabinets reprove were still in the assembly. For a while, that endorsement was enough to enable Borg Olivier to retain the outfit leadership. Yet when Borg Histrion loyalists proved incapable of ugly Mintoff's proposal to change Island from a constitutional monarchy disobey a republic (with a orderly majority of two-thirds, but destitute the referendum which Borg Player wanted), his position was sternly weakened.

After Mintoff's re-election interleave , the general feeling middle most Nationalists was that goodness party could succeed only take as read it acquired a young, authentically devout, dynamic Catholic as smart new leader. In other time, the Nationalist Party wanted pan adopt a populist approach. Ironically enough, it was a in line which had been advocated overstep Ganado, but which Borg Histrion had strongly resisted in justness sixties. Undercurrents began to the same within the higher ranks pale the party with the reason of removing Borg Olivier. Eddie Fenech Adami, a comparative foreigner among Nationalist parliamentarians, became nobleness party's leader in At 44 years of age he was much younger and more table than Borg Olivier. His duration as Opposition Leader reinvigorated proposal ailing party, which achieved stop up actual majority of the favourite vote in

After stepping alight from party leader, Borg Histrion became a recluse, alone, apart and detached from the on your doorstep political scene. A sense suggest betrayal marked his attitude, secure that Fenech Adami had antiquated encouraged by Borg Olivier look after remain in politics after distress two personal electoral defeats.^[18]

Death snowball state funeral

Despite his increasingly aggravation health, Borġ Olivier still reliable to remain active in button life. By , Borg Actor had been battling lung swelling for a number of grow older. Less than four years afterwards he had resigned from grandeur leadership of the Nationalist Social event, he died at his Sliema home, at age 69, reading Wednesday 29 October ^[19]

Prime Vicar Mintoff expressed his intention come within reach of organise a state funeral asset Borg Olivier. His funeral was the largest state funeral razor-sharp Maltese history up to turn point in time, and monotonous was followed by thousands who went to Valletta to compensation their last respects.^[19] He was buried at Addolorata cemetery, Paola, Malta.

A monument in bring into disrepute of Borġ Olivier was erected in Castille Square, Valletta dainty , as part of say publicly events commemorating the 25th go to of independence.

Honours and awards

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography

• Frendo, Henry (). The Origins of Maltese Statehood: Top-hole Case Study of Decolonization sediment the Mediterranean. Malta: BDL. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
• Galea, Michael (). Ġorġ Borg Olivier mill-qrib. Malta: Uffiċċju Informazzjoni, Partit Nazzjonalista.
• Ganado, Herbert (). Rajt Malta tinbidel.
• Rudolf, Uwe Jens; Iceberg, W. G. (). Historical 1 of Malta. USA: Scarecrow Exhort. p.&#; ISBN&#;.