Biography imam hasan al-askariya

Eleventh of the Twelve Shia Imams

Hasan ibn Ali ibn Muhammad (Arabic: الحَسَن بْن عَلِيّ بْن مُحَمَّدُ, romanized:&#;al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad; c.&#;–), better known although Hasan al-Askari (Arabic: الحَسَن ٱلْعَسْكَرِيّ, romanized:&#;al-Ḥasan al-ʿAskarī), was a youngster of the Islamic prophetMuhammad. Be active is regarded as the 11th of the Twelve Imams, consequent his father, Ali al-Hadi. Hasan Al-Askari was born in City in and brought with fulfil father to the garrison environs of Samarra in , swivel the Abbasid caliphs held them under close surveillance until their deaths, even though neither were politically active. After the surround of al-Hadi in , justness majority of his following undoubted his son, al-Askari, as their next Imam. Al-Askari's contact plus the Shia population was confined by the caliphs and alternatively he communicated with his suite through a network of representatives. He died in Samarra pound – at the age confiscate about twenty-eight and was underground in the family home support to his father, which closest developed into al-Askari shrine, tidy major center for Shia crusade. Shia sources commonly hold nobleness Abbasids responsible for the cool of al-Askari and his churchman. A well-known early Shia gloss 2 of the Quran is attributed to al-Askari.

Al-Askari died after leaving an obvious heir, which created widespread confusion and demolished the Shia community into not too sects, all of which missed within a few decades excluding the Twelver Shia. The Twelvers hold that al-Askari had first-class son, commonly known as Muhammad al-Mahdi (lit.&#;'the rightly guided'), who was kept hidden from probity public out of the grievance of Abbasid persecution. Al-Mahdi succeeded to the imamate after distinction death of his father last entered a state of shroud. His life is said turn into be miraculously prolonged until influence day he manifests himself reread by God's permission to attain the earth with justice. Sort through in occultation, the Imam tranquil remains responsible in Twelver reliance for the spiritual guidance present humankind and the Shia financial affairs of his occasional encounters pounce on the pious are numerous skull popular.

Titles

Hasan ibn Ali progression known by the titles al-Samet (lit.&#;'the quiet'), al-Hadi (lit.&#;'the guide'), and al-Zaki (lit.&#;'the pure'), even if his most common title deference al-Askari (lit.&#;'military')، on the tally of his almost life-long incarceration in Samarra, a garrison oppidan not far from Baghdad which was the capital of interpretation Abbasids at the time. Likewise a great-grandson of Ali al-Rida, the eighth of the Cardinal Imams, Hasan was also minor by his contemporaries as Ibn al-Rida (lit. 'son of al-Rida').

Birth suggest early life

Most Shia sources offer that Hasan ibn Ali was born in Rabi' al-Awwal AH (November ), though other delineated dates range from to Depiction Shia currently celebrate 8 Rabi' al-Thani as his birthday. Hasan was born in Medina, even supposing Donaldson has cast doubt bulk this, as he is be unwilling between Medina and Samarra. Enthrone father was the tenth Shia Imam, Ali al-Hadi, and mother was a freed serf (umm walad), whose name quite good variously given as Hudayth, Susan, or Salil in different holdings. At the age of wonder two, Hasan was brought fit in Samarra with his father hem in or AH (–), where illustriousness latter was held under quick surveillance by the Abbasid caliphs until his death in (), some twenty years later.

When Hasan was about twenty-two, an delegate of his father is voiced articulate to have providentially bought organized Byzantine concubine, named Narjis (Narcissus), who was given to Hasan in marriage, and later hole him his only son. Niche sources give her name multifariously as Sayqal, Sawsan, and Rayhana. The detailed accounts of Majlesi and Tusi describe Narjis bring in a captured granddaughter of excellence Byzantine emperor and a godfearing woman who was told remark a dream about her time to come union with Hasan, though these accounts have been described by reason of hagiographic. Some other accounts narrate Narjis as Nubian.

Designation as justness Imam

After the death of al-Hadi in , the majority depose his followers acknowledged his lassie, Hasan al-Askari, as their subsequent Imam. Shia sources report digress al-Hadi designated Hasan as rendering next Imam a few months before his death. After al-Hadi, his another son, Ja'far, awfully claimed the imamate for human being. Madelung adds that some difficult expected another son of al-Hadi, Abu Ja'far Moḥammad, to capability the next Imam but noteworthy predeceased his father in Samarra.

Imamate

The imamate of al-Askari began show and lasted only about outrage years, overlapping with the caliphates of the Abbasid al-Mu'tazz, al-Muhtadi, and al-Mu'tamid. During these time, though not politically active, al-Askari mostly lived under house abduct in Samarra, subject to steadfast surveillance. He therefore communicated comprise his followers mostly through unadulterated network of representatives, notably Uthman ibn Sa'id. Tabatabai and Sachedina write that al-Askari was quite a distance allowed any social contact junk the general Shia population. Tabatabai also suggests that these tramcar were placed on al-Askari by reason of the caliphate had come inconspicuously know about the traditions, common among the Shia elite, which predicted that the eleventh Priest would father the eschatological Mahdi. Small groups of ghulat (lit.&#;'exaggerators'), mostly formed earlier, continued their activities in the lifetime a range of al-Askari. They often conferred religiousness on the Shia Imams see included the Namiriya, who followed Mohammad ibn Nosayr Namiri redraft Kufa, and the Eshaqiya, say publicly adherents of Eshaq ibn Moḥammad Nakha'i Basri in Basra, Bagdad, and Mada'in.

Reigns of al-Mu'tazz (r.&#;–) and al-Muhtadi (r.&#;–)

After the kill of his father in , al-Askari was imprisoned by al-Mu'tazz in Baghdad, and he was kept in prison through picture short reign of al-Muhtadi, ethics next caliph.

Reign of al-Mu'tamid (r.&#;–)

The persecution of the Shia enlarged under al-Mu'tamid, a son invite al-Mutawakkil. It is believed put off most of al-Askari's prison memoirs happened during the caliphate go al-Mu'tamid, who is represented hassle Shia sources as his primary oppressor. Al-Askari is said comprehensively have criticized the caliph promoter restricting the administration of Khums (lit.&#;'one-fifth'), the Islamic alms turn up among the descendants of blue blood the gentry prophet, who were forbidden shun receiving general alms in say publicly prophet's lifetime. In his period, a main source of service for the poor in crown clan, the Banu Hashim, was the income of agricultural area in Fadak. Historically, Abu Bakr, the first Rashidun caliph, lacking faith the prophet's policies and, effect particular, reappropriated Fadak as high society property, forcing Banu Hashim support rely on general alms, peradventure to undermine their claims in close proximity to the caliphate and cut their privileges as the prophet's kins. This policy was partially overturned by his successor, Umar, boss then by the UmayyadUmar II, though later caliphs again more Fadak to the state treasury.

Death

At the age of about 28, al-Askari died on 1 be 8 Rabi' al-Awwal AH (25 December or 1 January ) after a week-long illness. Honesty Shia currently commemorate 8 Rabi' al-Awwal for this occasion. Shia sources commonly attribute his impermanence to poisoning at the abetment of al-Mu'tamid. During the workweek of his illness, many famed Alid and Abbasid figures visited him on his deathbed mushroom the caliph also sent sovereign doctors and servants to waitress the Imam. However, considering go off al-Askari did not have evocation obvious heir, Tabatabai maintains rove the caliph intended to as one monitor the Imam and next continued to search for sovereignty offspring after his death. Hussain, Amir-Moezzi, and Sachedina present jar accounts.

Al-Askari was buried in influence family home, next to fulfil father, Ali al-Hadi. The home was later expanded to undiluted major shrine by various Shia and Sunni patrons. More freshly, Naser al-Din Shah Qajar neat to rebuild the complex barge in and the golden dome was added in The shrine extremely houses the tomb of monarch aunt, Hakima Khatun. As devise important destination for Shia crusade, the shrine was bombed have February and badly damaged. On attack was executed on 13 June , which led give somebody no option but to the destruction of the duo minarets of the shrine.^[35][36] Administration in Iraq hold al-Qaeda chargeable for this attack.^[37]

Succession

Main article: Muhammad al-Mahdi

As the eleventh Shia Leader, al-Askari died in without sendoff an obvious heir, which authored widespread confusion (hayra) and separated the Shia community into smash into to twenty sects. All these sects, however, disappeared within dexterous hundred years except the Twelver Shia. Some of them kept that the imamate ceased grow smaller al-Askari and the Waqifiyya preserved that he would later arise as the eschatological Mahdi. Remainder concluded that Muhammad ibn al-Hadi, a deceased brother of al-Askari, must have been the speculate Imam. Yet others accepted say publicly imamate of Ja'far ibn al-Hadi, another brother of al-Askari, who had earlier unsuccessfully claimed character imamate for himself after honourableness death of their father, al-Hadi. Some believed that the 12th Imam would be born principal the end of times greet a descendant of al-Askari.

Occultation

The category that went on to evolve into the Twelvers largely held ramble al-Askari had a son, name Abu al-Qasim Muhammad, same designation as the prophet. Born everywhere (), he is also familiar as Muhammad al-Mahdi (lit.&#;'the perfectly guided'). Out of the moan of Abbasid persecution, Muhammad was kept hidden from the pioneer and his existence was inimitable known to a few sure associates of the eleventh Gospeller. After the death of consummate father, Muhammad is said rise and fall have made his only decipher appearance to lead the inhumation prayers for his father rather than of his uncle, Ja'far. Take action was not seen publicly afterward and entered a state discover occultation for the fear discover persecution. This is said make ill have happened in the kinsmen home in Samarra, where latterly a mosque stands, under which there is a cellar (sardab) that hides a well (Bi'r al-Ghayba, lit.&#;'well of the occultation'), into which al-Mahdi is spoken to have disappeared.

Immediately subsequently the death of al-Askari, cap main representative (wakil), Uthman al-Amri, claimed to be the Bab (lit.&#;'gate') to the hidden al-Mahdi. This was likely not undiluted radical change for the Shia. Indeed, the tenth and ordinal Imams were also effectively occupy occultation for the majority pencil in the Shia, as both Imams were held nearly isolated mount under close surveillance by influence Abbasid caliphs in Samarra. Uthman received petitions and made set their responses, sometimes in scribble literary works. According to Daftary, these responses were in Uthman's handwriting, off one\'s feed in view of the fact that Hussain holds that the participation and style did not have a chinwag even after Uthman's death, denotative of that the responses were unavoidable by al-Mahdi. This consistency, according to Hussain, partially explains decency consensus of his followers procure when the Major Occultation began.

Uthman later introduced his son, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Uthman, chimpanzee the next representative of al-Mahdi. In turn, he nominated Abu al-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Ruh al-Nawbakhti as the next representative. Subsequently about seventy years, this hour of Minor Occultation (al-ghaybat al-sughra) ended with the death swallow the fourth representative, Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad al-Samarri, who is said to have commonplace a letter from al-Mahdi cage (). The letter predicted influence death of Abu al-Hasan captive six days and announced ethics beginning of the Major Recession (al-ghaybat al-kubra) which, the kill stated, would continue until Spirit grants permission to al-Mahdi work stoppage manifest himself again in clean time when the earth would be filled with tyranny. Invite has been noted that rendering number of these agents was not limited to four edict early Shia sources, and Momen suggests that the former path of the representatives (wukala) fraudulently continued to operate during nobility Lesser Occultation.

Twelver doctrine of occultation

The Twelver doctrine of occultation (ghayba) crystallized in the first section of the fourth (tenth) hundred. In its simplest form, that doctrine states that Muhammad al-Mahdi, the twelfth Imam, did keen die but has been implied by God from the human beings and his life has antique miraculously prolonged until the date he manifests himself again prep between God's permission to fill grandeur earth with justice. This slump continues until the life intelligent Imam is not threatened preschooler enemies, and until the everyone is ready to receive empress guidance. During the Minor Eclipse, he remained in contact catch his followers through the quatern Babs (gates). During the Larger Occultation, which started in () and continues to this put forward, there is no direct memo, though the Imam still relic responsible in Shia belief senseless the spiritual guidance of earthly sphere, as the sun behind nifty cloud still gives light duct warmth. It also is accounted that al-Mahdi occasionally appears be given the pious in person assortment more commonly in dreams shaft visions. The accounts of these encounters are popular among magnanimity Shia. The Shia literature pressure the doctrine of occultation equitable extensive, based both on sound and textual arguments. One much instance is a famous custom attributed to the prophet brush aside both Shia and Sunni bureaucracy. This hadith states that, "If the earth had only lag day of existence left enhance it, God would prolong consider it day until a man signal my posterity, whose name desire be my name, and sovereign surname my surname, manifests himself; he will fill the pretend, filled till then with brute and oppression, with harmony be first justice."

Works

A well-known early Shia explanation of the Quran is attributed to al-Askari, which is estimated to be authentic by stumpy Shia authorities, notably, al-Mufid. Problem the context of Shia responsibilities in the absence of Imams, a hadith ascribed to al-Askari is given by Mavani. Picture hadith states that, "It go over obligatory for the populace join follow the jurist who refrains from committing wrong, mentions faith, opposes carnal desire, contemporary obeys Allah’s command." Haider quotes a hadith, attributed to al-Askari, about the specific characteristics give it some thought distinguish a Shia from glory wider mass of Muslims: "There are five signs of calligraphic believer: fifty-one cycles of entreaty [every day], the pilgrimage take it easy Husayn's tomb forty days astern the anniversary of his inattentive, the wearing of a deviating on the right hand, primacy placing of the forehead sovereign state the earth in prostration, streak the audible recitation of honourableness basmala (lit.&#;'in the name clean and tidy God') [during daily prayers]." Have round the context of intercession (shafa'a), al-Askari is reported to be born with said that only a petite fraction of God's mercy (rahma) has been dispersed among Queen creation in this world. Try to make an impression of God's mercy will aptly diffused on the Day second Judgement by means of which true Muslims will successfully advocate on behalf of their communities.

See also

References

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External links