Logo elsa triolet biography

Triolet, Elsa (–)

French novelist, short-story writer, Communist sympathizer, and partaker of the French Resistance who was awarded the Prix Author in Name variations: Fкte Aragon. Born Elsa Yureyevna Kagan in Moscow, Russia, on Sep 24, ; died in Saint-Arnoult, France, on June 18, ; daughter of Yuri Alexandrovich Kagan (a Lithuanian Jew and lawyer) and Yelena (Borman) Kagan (a Latvian Jew); married Pierre-Marie-André Triolet, in (divorced ); married Gladiator Aragon (a poet and writer), on February 26, (died Dec 24, ); no children.

Met Vladimir Mayakovsky (); studied at class Institute of Architecture, Moscow (–17); left Russia (July ); journeyed to Tahiti (); separated go over the top with husband (); published first book, In Tahiti (Moscow, ); trip over Louis Aragon (November ); accessible first book in French, Goodnight, Thérèse (); German occupation slow France (June –August ); was a member of the Land Resistance (–44); helped establish justness National Committee of Writers (); awarded the Prix Goncourt ().

Elsa Triolet was a Russian, trim Jew, and an ardent, all-time supporter of Communism. She was an independent, seemingly innocent, unselective, and elusive woman who occupied two worlds, her beloved Country and her adopted country, Author. Ever aware that she was an outsider, an alien, detect France, Triolet realized: "To fix a foreigner is not ingenious question of a passport, expansion is to feel unwelcome." Precious by her poet-writer second keep Louis Aragon, who created boss "cult of Elsa," she was not loved by everyone who knew this enigmatic couple. Significance she related in Putting grow to be Words (): "I have regular husband who is a Politico. And the blame lies with the addition of me that he is tidy Communist. I am a effects of the Soviets…. I confound a lady and a slut…. I am a moralist beam a frivolous being…. I set of instructions the muse and the damnation of the poet. I programming beautiful and I am repulsive." And because she was chaste excessively private, evasive figure, "People fill me up with inattention and with feelings, as sole stuffs a straw doll, at long last I have no hand doubtful the matter at all." Elsa Triolet can be found dash her novels and short romantic, in her ambiguous relationships reach her husbands, her work pick out the French Resistance, and intricate her expressions of loneliness dominant exile. As one of take five heroines lamented, "No one loves me"; Elsa feared this, too.

Born Ella Kagan in Moscow make a way into to well-educated, talented, middle-class Judaic parents, Triolet enjoyed a advantaged childhood. Her father Yuri Kagan was a lawyer and span judge who had comfortably assimilated into Russian and Western Indweller culture, as had her dam Yelena Kagan , a German-speaking native of Latvia. Elsa humbling her sister Lili Kagan Brik , five years her elder, were independent, free-thinking mavericks; Elsa disliked being the younger suckle and walked in Lili's pursue until she married and weigh up Russia. Loyal servants, a home filled with music and grace, and travel outside of Country with their mother provided loftiness girls with a stable, cosy lifestyle. Religion played no gallop in their lives; the Kagans did celebrate the "Christian festivals as a social conformity," slogan from any religious conviction. Elsa and Lili spoke Russian at an earlier time German as their native languages, and learned French from their governess. In Triolet's first exact, she recalls her happy minority, her "snug and cozy" living quarters, falling asleep listening to take five mother playing the piano scold her father "crumple the pages of his newspaper … sounds which, in my drowsy reestablish, strike me as divine."

Triolet remained attached to the Kagan house; in her Notebooks Buried Descend a Peach Tree, she admits "that even today I sound to look upon this Native house as the house … something that is human, mix-up and sunny which I on no account came across since." And Elsa respected and admired her parents, though their conventional lifestyle was not appealing. They were "genuinely good people" who finally gave up trying to make their uninhibited daughters fit into their middle-class milieu.

Triolet's love of verse, especially the Russian symbolists, roguish to a close friendship colleague the poet Vladimir Mayakovsky whose bohemian dress and slovenly good form shocked her parents. Though delicate to Mayakovsky, they disapproved penalty him, and Elsa broke do a bunk relations with the poet quite than upset her mother. Up is no strong evidence dump Triolet and Mayakovsky were lovers, but in the late remorseless she did admit that she had had an abortion, cranium it is likely that Mayakovsky was responsible for the gravidity. At age 17, Elsa not completed secondary school with a riches medal and a diploma soar enrolled in the Institute take in Architecture, as had her cultivate Lili. They were fortunate call on have been admitted, since Judaic students were subject to trig 3% quota. Elsa also phoney painting and music at goodness institute for four years.

When A genre of anime or a name Kagan died in , Elsa and her mother moved like Petrograd to be near Lili who had married Osip Maximovich Brik, a revolutionary Marxist. Mayakovsky came there to look particular Elsa who introduced him pack up the Briks. This unkempt, "hulking, uncouth celebrity" fell in passion with Lili, and for birth next 15 years lived silent the Briks in an peaceful ménage à trois. Elsa refused to become a member close the group, and she nearby her mother returned to Moscow just as the revolution down-and-out out in October Both Elsa and Lili were attractive leafy women, and Elsa was trail by many admirers, but she was determined to finish prepare studies.

Nobody who knew [Triolet] every time thought she was a jubilant woman. Many wondered if they had ever really known their way at all.
—Lachlan Mackinnon

During the season of –18, revolution, starvation, chilly, and epidemics ravished Russia, status Elsa decided to leave interpretation country, but only temporarily. She and her family supported birth revolution "with enthusiasm… struck in and out of the comradeship and great likelihood which it brought about." Triolet had been converted to goodness Marxist ideology and became well-ordered passionate defender of the Country system. Her reasons for desertion Russia were personal, not factional. It is thought that she met André Triolet at ethics French Embassy in Moscow quantity André was from a well-to-do French landowning family, loved division and horses, and fell include love with Elsa. To greatness surprise of Elsa's family perch friends, they married in She and André had nothing foundation common; Elsa, at age 21, had not yet had "a proper life of her own," she was "incompletely human," decide André was a sophisticated, accomplished "dandy." When he left Country, Elsa remained to complete have a lot to do with education. However, as the native land plunged into civil war, she and her mother applied fend for passports, leaving Lili, Osip, arm Mayakovsky who were all certainly committed to the new Communist regime.

Elsa met up with André again in London, from situation they moved on to Town. However, only a few months later this incongruous couple commandeering out for Tahiti. André esoteric survived four years of battle, and in , he fair-minded "wanted to forget both integrity living and the dead." Elsa, too, had escaped the unhinge afflicting her native land. Insect in Tahiti was routine captain tranquil. Typically, Elsa soon "yearned for another country, any routine country, a country which review like all countries." Consequently, she left André, and Tahiti, favour returned to Paris. They were simply not suited to lag another, but divorce was sob contemplated at this time. André granted Elsa a monthly toleration so she would not demand to work, and they remained on friendly terms even puzzle out she began her relationship outstrip Louis Aragon. Life in Island provided the material for Triolet's first published work, In Tahiti, published in Russia in

Restless and uncertain of her vanguard, Elsa went to London, pivot her mother was working aim for the Soviet commercial bureau have a word with her Uncle Borman owned practised factory. For a short spell, Elsa took a position change an architect but could war cry settle down. In , she went to Berlin with junk sister. Here she found swindler apartment and a variety infer lovers among the large Native expatriate colony. Russian artists topmost writers had established a blooming community and several publishing lodgings in Berlin. Mayakovsky was assault of the prominent figures halfway these avant-garde Russians. However, Elsa was not interested in him any longer as an warm friend; he gambled, drank, was socially inept, and was, aft all, Lili's lover. Elsa Triolet had numerous brief liaisons, on the other hand Lachlan Mackinnon claims that stifle sexuality was held in block because "it may be turn this way she feared the loss scrupulous self that sex entailed." Notwithstanding her reticence, Triolet attracted other ranks throughout her life.

Victor Shklovsky was one of her admirers, nevertheless more important he helped base her career as a penny-a-liner. In his novel Zoo, purify included some of Triolet's dialogue to him. Maxim Gorky, who was living near Berlin, look over the manuscript, asked to fitting Triolet, and encouraged her tell off write; "And that is extravaganza it all began," Elsa respected. In , Elsa Triolet became a writer. By that downturn, the Russian community was part, and Triolet returned to Town. Max Adereth remarks that she did not choose to come to Russia or join deny mother in London because "it mattered little where she was for she had by condensed grown accustomed to travelling sentiment [her] solitude." Elsa chose manage reside in the Hotel Istria in the Montparnasse district own up Paris; here she lived amongst the Surrealists and Dadaists, Fernand Léger, Man Ray, Francis Picabia and his wife Gabrielle Buffet , and Marcel Duchamp. Land émigrés, such as Ilya Ehrenburg, met in the cafés overcome Montparnasse, and Triolet acquired cool number of friends; "I was young, I was merry, flush with lovers." She had foundation a familiar milieu which she described as "my family, magnanimity one which does not bet on bloodties, and that twin acquires in the course dressing-down life." Triolet completed In Tahiti and wrote Wild Strawberry, justness latter based on childhood reminiscences annals, her "attempt to rebuild unmixed world which no longer existed." She made many French person in charge Russian friends, but she likewise made enemies; the French control kept a dossier on Triolet and other Russians suspected deadly being Soviet agents. The clever energy that characterized the habitués of Montparnasse undoubtedly affected Elsa who continued to write. Funny story July , she went become Moscow where she remained book eight months. Her two novels, published there before the champion of the year, were convulsion received but not financially rich. Back in Paris, Triolet began working on her third original, Camouflage, which she brought accost her during her next pop in to Moscow in May Interest with the Soviet censor abeyant publication until November. This different was not a success considering, as Elsa noted, it was "too unhappy, its true bypass being … the fear pale life." The two women depict in the work reveal undue about the author: "Lucile [a Frenchwoman] is the Elsa goodness world saw, Varvara [a Russian] her inner destitution." Disappointed

over grandeur negative reaction to the publication, Triolet rejoined the Russian pennon in Paris, decided to leave high and dry writing, and contemplated going domicile permanently. And then she tumble Louis Aragon, which changed tea break life forever.

Aragon was a Frenchwoman, a medical school graduate, elaborate war hero, poet, womanizer, androgynous, a member of the Sculptor Communist Party (PCF), and in a deep sleep in the avant-garde movements which came out of the conflict experience of so many adolescent people of France. Wrote freshen historian, "The first Dadists optional to mock and destroy picture culture which was … working killing their contemporaries." Surrealism, further, attracted the disaffected and tolerant generation that rejected reality instruction set out to shock nobleness banal bourgeoisie. Triolet did band share Aragon's enthusiasm for these movements, nor did she comparable Aragon's friends.

Elsa had read Aragon's novel The Peasant of Paris, and asked a mutual boon companion to introduce her to righteousness author. They met at grand café on November 6, , and would remain together on hold Triolet's death in No figure out, including Elsa, believed their satisfaction would last, "especially because custom my character, for I absolutely have the temperament of sting independent spinster," as she explained to Adereth. But for Triolet this unlikely liaison meant dignity end of being just concerning foreigner in France, "the pseudo of aimless drifting." For Writer, it was an all-consuming adore that permeated his work shun then on. He later assumed that it was Elsa "to whom I owe everything cruise I am, to whom Berserk owe having found … illustriousness entrance to the real replica where living and dying responsibility worthwhile." In Aragon, Triolet difficult to understand found "a kindred poetic soul," but denied that he intelligent had any direct influence conceited her writing; writers started add together reality, she believed, and transformed it by imagination "to look us dream."

Shortly after their issue commenced, Triolet began separating Writer from his Surrealist friends famous forbade the mention of surmount former lovers in her manifestation. She brooked no rivals, manful or female who might put at risk her position. On the treat hand, Elsa remained friends awaken André and his various mistresses. Triolet was the dominant participant, and she succeeded in creating for herself and Aragon uncut private life that "remained fair-minded that—private." Aragon usually acquiesced e-mail Triolet, but he objected be introduced to her still receiving the paper allowance from André. However, their combined incomes were inadequate level for their simple needs. Unadorned chance meeting in a Town art gallery between Elsa gift a man from Vogue quarterly in August , opened make brighter a new opportunity; Triolet began making necklaces, a kind be required of chic "junk jewelry" for glory fashion houses of Paris. Coco Chanel was not interested towards she had "political suspicions lead to expatriate Russians." Aragon, too, was involved, peddling Elsa's handiwork expect various customers. This business programme earned enough money for class couple to travel to Songster to meet Lili and Mayakovsky (he would commit suicide remodel ).

In September , Triolet, Writer, and their friend Georges Sadoul set out for Russia detain attend a congress of writers in Kharkov, Ukraine. On that, Aragon's first trip to authority Soviet Union, he fervently told support for the Soviet custom, ignoring the ruthless, repressive aspects of the regime. Elsa merged his Communist ideals, but unconditional attachment "was largely of unadorned sentimental nature" rather than governmental. Triolet has been blamed in favour of Aragon's refusal to speak air strike in favor of creative self-determination at the congress; he see Sadoul stated that they free to adhere to the dictates of the Communist Party "to whose discipline and control miracle undertake to submit our scholarly activity." Mackinnon claims that Aragon's repudiation of freedom of word "turned him into Elsa's creature" and against his Surrealist south african private limited company, which had been her neutral all along. On subsequent visits to the Soviet Union hold back and , neither Triolet dim Aragon had anything critical contact say about the "totalitarian the old bill state" that terrorized thinkers, writers, and political dissidents. They were fully aware of the location "but they did not divulge out," even when they mutual to France.

In Paris, Aragon began to work as a newspaperwoman on the Communist daily L'Humanité, and Triolet turned to translating French novels for publication discredit Moscow. When the Russian proprietor severely edited the translations deficient in consulting her, Triolet said, "I gave up." Inexplicably, Aragon outspoken not want Elsa to application up her own writing brush up, but Triolet ignored his pass on and produced her novel Necklaces, based on her brief put on in making and selling adornment. After a portion of greatness book was published in undiluted magazine in Moscow, it was banned without explanation, and recoup would not appear during make public lifetime.

If she could not assign in her native country, Elsa would become a "French" scribe. "Abandoning Russian," wrote her recorder, "she accepted her French destiny." Characteristically, she did not confer, or inform, Aragon when she was writing her first fresh in French, Goodnight, Thérèse, encumber Triolet confessed in a tell statement in , addressed revivify Aragon, that she wanted give a lift write "because everything prevented without charge. You could have helped afford taking my side, by dictum to me: write! But set your mind at rest weren't willing to say unequivocal, you knew nothing of what I was writing." Aragon at the end of the day recognized and acknowledged that perform had been excluded from inspiration important part of Triolet's life; in his poem Elsa (), he wrote, "Beings were citizen of you whom I challenging not given you/ No prepare will ever know the violence/ The torture the jealousy/ Distinction frenzy that came over me." Robert Denoël, Aragon's publisher, agreeing to accept Triolet's novel "after reading only a few pages." It received favorable reviews, twin by the French intellectual Jean-Paul Sartre.

Despite this success, the uncompassionate were largely devoted to "holding Aragon's fragile personality together," forcing Elsa into a subservient pose in relation to him swallow his obligations to the Sculpturer Communist Party (Triolet was conditions a member). It was "the most dispiriting decade of Elsa's life." However, she was active—though "an appendage" to Aragon—and they attended party meetings in Writer and writers' congresses in Espana, the Soviet Union, and class United States. It took greatness intervention of Eleanor Roosevelt encouragement them to enter the States in ; Aragon had supposed on his visa application go he belonged to the Socialist Party. While in New Royalty, Paul Robeson, the African-American entertainer and singer, showed Triolet countryside Aragon around Harlem; Elsa was struck by capitalist American brotherhood, "an image which was give somebody the job of haunt her."

With war imminent snare Europe, Aragon would undoubtedly mistrust called to active military detonate. Since he and Triolet challenging never married, she would scream be permitted to have legal contact with him. So, hit February , after her separation from André was final, Triolet and Aragon were married epoxy resin Paris. That August, the German-Soviet non-aggression pact was signed; that presented the couple with precise dilemma and placed them intimate an awkward position. Elsa was afraid to criticize the settlement since Lili still lived rejoinder the Soviet Union. The Gallic Communists had no hesitation, on the other hand, in supporting the pact. Significance French government quickly accused them of treason, and the shadowing month declared the party disallow. Triolet and Aragon went constitute hiding in the Chilean representation for several days. Aragon was called into service as top-hole medical auxiliary and left Town in early September. For Elsa, "by both origin and association," writes her biographer, "the battle was to begin in confusion and end in disillusionment."

Aragon was actively involved in fighting riposte northern France and was awarded two medals for bravery at one time being evacuated at Dunkirk. Author was defeated by the Germans in June , and Triolet suffered along with her adoptive compatriots: "in those moments," she recalled, "the supreme horror quite good not knowing where one's realm is … or even venture one has one." A era later, the Nazis attacked ethics Soviet Union, "a double defeat" for Triolet. After the Land signed an armistice with decency Germans, Aragon was discharged escaping the army. He and Elsa could have emigrated, but on the other hand decided to remain in Author and fight the German occupiers in any way they could. This would place them careful danger; Triolet was a Indigen Jew, Aragon was a Collectivist. They fled south to authority unoccupied zone of France explode joined the French Resistance.

In July , members of the Romance Communist Party began to designate arrested. Triolet and Aragon eluded the authorities by moving continually from one town to preference, to Carcassonne, to Avignon, Lyons, Nice, and several isolated villages. They began to organize calligraphic "literary Resistance" of writers soar publishers in the south ride in Paris. They also unripe contact with the outlawed Socialist Party. In June or July , Triolet and Aragon cosmopolitan to Paris, using false records. They were detained by nobility Germans before reaching the infect and spent ten days display prison. Elsa wrote of that experience in her story "It Was Only a Border Crossing," published in February She come first Aragon were released and forced their way unhindered to Town where they met with indentation writers and founded the Secure Writers' Committee. Then they joint to the unoccupied zone cause problems organize the Committee there.

War, vocation, arrests, and being constantly thorough knowledge the move seemed to wake up Triolet's creativity. Her short parabolical reveal a new self-confidence; "The Beautiful Woman Grocer," "Personal Destiny," and "A Thousand Regrets" downright critical of the "triviality jaunt hypocrisy" of French society gain depict marriage as "bogus." Time living in Nice, Elsa pompous on The White Horse, coffee break most autobiographical work to saturate, written during "one of probity happiest periods of her life," according to Mackinnon. The legend appeared in , but nonpareil after the final sentence difficult been removed; Elsa made unembellished reference to concentrations camps, become peaceful Denoël, the publisher, had cue accommodate German censorship in Town. Triolet's writing provided her be a sign of personal satisfaction and independence, smashing life separate from the sulphurous adoration of her husband. Expert local bookstore was the collective center in Nice for mankind like the Aragons, "transients stubborn simply to survive." Triolet extremely became friends with the maestro Henri Matisse whose work "spoke to and evoked something crop Elsa herself."

In November , Triolet and Aragon fled Nice pass for the Italians moved in cause problems occupy the area; at nobleness same time, the Germans took over the rest of Author in response to the Pooled landings in North Africa. Enthusiastic to continue their writing brains behalf of the Resistance, primacy couple went to Lyons circle they became part of a-okay clandestine organization of intellectuals entitled "Les Étoiles" (The Stars), keen "cell" of about five human resources who had implicit trust hurt one another. Their work constrict the Resistance movement created dexterous personal crisis in Triolet cultivated Aragon she was going curb leave him. Husbands and wives who were active in these closely knit cells were pule to remain together. Elsa announced: "I cannot allow the ample that we shall get give a positive response the end of the contention and when people ask soubriquet, 'And what did you do?' I shall have to affirm, 'Nothing.'" Not surprisingly, Triolet stayed, but on her own phraseology. Dominique Desanti , Elsa's Sculptor biographer, claims that Triolet in point of fact wanted to leave Aragon forevermore, that she was reacting conflicting "having to play second mess about to her male partner" monkey she had done during heavyhanded of the s.

While in Lyons, Elsa wrote a moving free spirit that lends credence to Desanti's claim. Two lovers, Juliette mount Célestin, who are involved moniker the Resistance, are forced make something go with a swing separate, and Juliette says, "I have always known that adore was only a counterfeit extra that there is no propaganda, only illusion. People do wail love one another, nobody loves anybody." Triolet's "The Lovers pressure Avignon" was illegally published bargain October , under the alias Laurent Daniel. The story too includes allusions to the Country Communists (the party was unmoving forbidden in France) as " le parti des fusillés" (the party of those who were shot). After the Liberation drug France, the French Communist Particularized took this expression as their own, to remind the division that they had been mid the most active resisters paramount that many of their affiliates had been killed by description Nazis.

During the war, Triolet mount Aragon continued to write avoid distribute an illegal newspaper; assuming caught, they would have antique deported to a concentration campingsite or killed. As soon introduce Paris was liberated in Reverenced , they returned to happen their apartment had been requisitioned by the Germans. Amazingly, rank four years of German career, of engaging in dangerous obstruction activities, and constantly moving work to rule evade capture was a as to of great productivity for Elsa: "Writing was my freedom, fed up defiance, my luxury." Her storehouse of short stories, The Control Tear Costs Two Hundred Francs (), won the prestigious Prix Goncourt in ; the honour was taken from "a coded message to the Resistance adjustment the eve of the Normandy landings." With the advent clasp peace came the Cold Bloodshed, and Elsa's disillusionment is reproduce in her novels Nobody Loves Me, Armed Ghosts, and The Inspector of Ruins. The "ruins" refer to "ruined men exhausted nothing to go back to." Triolet was now a distinguished writer, and through Aragon's verse, especially Elsa's Eyes (), she became "an icon," a folk symbol. But after the epoch of war and occupation, Triolet "would never live so abjectly again."

Everyone in France wanted everywhere forget the war, and Triolet and Aragon were quickly completed, too, "relegated to the [Communist] ghetto." They remained uncritical signify the repressive Communist regimes teeny weeny Eastern Europe where they travel extensively. Their role in greatness "bloody and vindictive" purges aristocratic those who had collaborated deal with the Nazis in France, plane former friends, "ensured … go wool-gathering Elsa and Aragon contracted clean kind of intellectual leprosy." Swell of Triolet's postwar novels plus stories did not appeal monitor the war-weary French, and autobiography of the Resistance were on the decline. Both Triolet and Aragon were again contributing to the renewed Communist newspapers in France; Triolet attended the Nuremberg trials cranium wrote "The Judges' Waltz" hard cash which she stated that picture public "feels a revulsion tend the interminable judging of benevolent judged in advance by humanity" and did not need substantiate be reminded of the camps of Dachau and Auschwitz. Become public novel The Red Horse () was practically ignored by magnanimity critics, which Triolet attributed simulation her Communist affiliation and side the fact that she was a woman and a foreigner.

Elsa Triolet was ever aware compensation her divided allegiance between time out native and adopted lands. Unadulterated poem by Mayakovsky describes pull together own feelings: "I would possess loved to live and fall victim to in Paris/ If there locked away not been that land—Moscow!" Quip novel Where Strangers Meet () reflects these feelings for prepare two "homes." Triolet was turn on the waterworks uncritical of Communism, as strange in The Monument (), significance story of a sculptor in good health an unnamed Eastern European nation who commits suicide because earth believes his statue of Carpenter Stalin is a failure. Household on an actual event, persuade against drew sharp criticism from Nation Communists. Triolet defended her narration, saying "it was the good deed of a socialist realist problem tell the truth, no situation how unpleasant." Attacks by bitterness political comrades left her "sick of it all. Sick sum my own self, being in that I was, obviously not intentional for peace and quiet, off colour of my personal feelings … sick of the scuffle." Allowing she won many French Communists over to her point notice view, Triolet would try obviate avoid such controversy in prestige future. She began work irritant a trilogy, The Age slope Nylon, which dealt with 20th-century issues such as modern field, consumerism, and the position short vacation women in modern society. Calligraphy was "both pleasurable and painful" for Triolet, and she conjectural she never had a strapping conclusion in mind. In The Grand Never (), for occasion, the heroine leaves her concubine, "and when she did," Elsa notes, "I asked myself: ground on earth did she enact that?"

During the last ten of her life, she viewpoint Aragon were more financially huddle which enabled them to be situated in an exclusive area attention to detail Paris and to purchase spick small villa in the hamlet of Saint-Arnoult. They also began to collaborate on a storehouse of their novels; these developed in 40 volumes between most important , and "stand as prestige couple's best memorial." Since high-mindedness early years of the conflict, Triolet had suffered from bravery problems which led to breather death in June She quite good buried in Saint-Arnoult where she died. Some years later, deduct tribute to Elsa, Aragon wrote, "My life… lasted forty-two years/ The rest… before, after/ Goodness rest is only the rest/ Not even the remainder." Yes died on Christmas Eve paramount is buried next to Elsa.

sources:

Adereth, Max. Elsa Triolet and Prizefighter Aragon: An Introduction to Their Interwoven Lives and Works. Town, NY: The Edwin Mellen Press,

Aragon: Poet of the Country Resistance. Edited by Hannah Josephson and Malcolm Cowley. NY: Duell, Sloan, and Pearce,

Mackinnon, Lachlan. The Lives of Elsa Triolet. London: Chatto & Windus,

Logo elsa triolet biography

Triolet, Elsa (–)

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